Gait Flashcards
(37 cards)
What are the 2 main phases of gait?
- stance phase
- Swing phase
What percentage of stance phase makes up the gait cycle? and what type of limb support occurs?
- 62% of gait cyle
- single OR double limb support
What are the sub phases of stance and swing?
Stance:
- initial contact
- loading response
- midstance
- terminal stance
- pre-swing
Swing:
- initial swing
- midswing
- terminal swing
What occurs duing initial contact?
- 0-2% of gait
- begins as soon as heel touches down
- Glut max contracts to control hips (very important bc it helps maintain hip and torso)
- dorsiflexion contracts eccentrically (lengthens)
What occurs duing loading response?
- begins after IC and ends with end of double limb support
- 2-12% of gait
- body weight is trasported onto supporting limb
- Dorsifelxors contract eccentrically
- Quadraceps control knee flexion (stabilize knee)
- its purpose is to control the load being put through the limb
What occurs in midstance?
- 12-31% of gait cycle
- From loading response to until ankles are aligned
- concentric contraction of hip and knee extension
- Looks like a SL stance
- Line of gravity straight through the supporting leg
What occurs in Terminal Stance?
- 31-50% of gait cycle
- begins when heeel comes off the ground (to dorsiflex) and ends at double limb support
- COG gravity passes forward
- Toe flexes and plantar flexors contract to propel body forward
- Posterior tibilais is very active {plantar flexion and inversion helps to raise the arch to give us more leverage and power)
What occurs duing pre-swing?
- 50-62% of gait cycle
- begins with initial contact of opposite side and ends with toe-off
- start of double limb support
- hip flexors drive leg forward
What occurs during the swing phase of “initial swing”? Bonus what is another name for this phase?
- also called acceleration
- 62-75% of gait cycle
- starts with single limb support and ends at point of maximal knee flexion
- hip flexors contract concentrically
What occurs during the swing phase “midswing”?
- 75-87% of gait cycle
- max knee flexion to the point where the tibia is vertical
- dorsiflexion (concentrically) ensures foot clearance
What occurs duing the swing phase “terminal swing”?
- 87-100% of gait cycle
- begins when the tibia is vertical and ends just before initial contact
- hamstrings contract eccentrically to decelerate the hip and knee
What are the ROM requirments for normal gait? (foot+ankle, knee, hips, pelvis)
Foot and ankle
- DF: 15
- PF: 20
**Knee: very important **
- full extension
- 60 flexion
Hip:
- 30 hip flexion (need very little)
Pelvis:
- needs to rotate and lift (lengthens leg and opens up the stride)
How is running gait different than walking gait?
- gain a floating period
- lose double limb support
- decrease contact time
- increase GRF up to 8x bw
- increase knee flexion duing stance phase (allows for increased push-off and absorbtion of force)
- incerase pronation
- loading pattern differences to help transfer more force
What are the phases of running?
- initial contact
- midstance
- take-off
- initial swing (2 legs in swing simulatnously {floating})
- midswing
- terminal swing
How do you analyze gait?
- start with postural evaluation
- observe from all sides (ant, post, lat)
- first get big picture (composite) analysis, then break down components into more detail (what is ankle/knee doing ect)
- use a form like the rancho los amigos
What are important aspects to include when analyzing gait?
- step (1foot) and stride length (both feet)
- step width
- cadence: temp of gait (av = 110 step/min)
- duration of stance and swing phases (stance is 60% and swing is 40%)
- symmetry and fluidity of gait
What is typical weight transmission pattern and what can change this pattern?
- central heel strike, lateral roll-off, and toe-off
Factors that change it: - foot type (pes planus vs cavus)
- Heels VS flats
- hip alignment, wide q angle, pain/injury
Why is wear pattern important to look at on shoes?
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How to do personal step calculations?
personal steps p/mile
- 5280 steps length
- 5280/2.5 = 2112 steps/mile
converting
- # of steps taken/PSM (total miles walked)
- 13,000/2112 = 6.16 miles
What is the practical application of difference between rate and length?
Slow to medium speed: increase stride length but keep tempo
Med to sprint:
- if you try to just lengthen stride you will overstride (bad for speed bc you decrease GRF) (we cant use knee flexion to absorb force and the ankle is straight too, so force goes right into the knee)
- you should instead increase tempo not length
What is the running tempo with the most efficiency? when we run slow what phase are we in most?
- 180 is temp reccomended
- slower you tun the more stance you are in (stance phase is where more injuries happen)
What are the different types of running styles (strike patterns)?
- rearfoot (better in thicker padded shoe)
- forefoot (thinner shoe)
- midfoot (thinner shoe)
What are pathalogical gait patterns the result of?
- body’s response to pain, paralysis, muscle spasticity
Antalgic gait?
- limp (like an ankle sprain)
- trunk shifts towards good side
- painful gait
- goal of antalgic gait is to reduce the time in stance phase and elongate swing
