GAIT

Question 1

gait

what are the spatial variables with gait?

Answer 1

• stride length
• step length
• step width
• foot angle (toe out angle)

Question 2

gait

what are teh temporal variables of gait?

Answer 2

• cadence
• stride time
• step time
• stance time
• single support time
• double support time

Question 3

gait

what is the spatiotemporal variables of gait?

Answer 3

walking speed

Question 4

gait

what is considered a stride length?

Answer 4

contact from foot back to same foot

• length of one stride includes all the events of one gait cycle normally inital contact to initial contact

Question 5

gait

what is the stride length for adult men? adult women?

Answer 5

adult men: 1.51 m
adult women: 1.32 m

Question 6

gait

what is step length?

Answer 6

linear distance between two successive points of contact of opposte extremities

aka heel contact to next heel contact

Question 7

gait

what is step width?

Answer 7

linear distance in the frontal plane, between the midpoint of the heel of one foot and the same point on the other foot

Question 8

gait

what is the step width of adults? children?

Answer 8

adults: 8-10cm
children 7-12: 8-10 cm

they are the same because children are not proportional so they need a wider BOS so they dont fall —> therefore they take bigger steps

Question 9

gait

foot angle

Answer 9

angle formed by each foot’s line of progression and a line intersecting the center of the heel and the second toe

Question 10

gait

what is the foot angle of adults? children?

Answer 10

adults: 5°-7°
children 7-12years: 2.5°-6°

Question 11

gait

what is cadence (temporal variance)

Answer 11

the number of steps taken by a person per unit of time (e.g. steps/min)

Question 12

gait

what is the cadence of adult men? adult women?

Answer 12

adult men: 108 steps/min
adult women: 118 steps/min

Question 13

gait

what is stride time? what is step time?

Answer 13

the time for a full gait cycle adults = slightly more than 1 second

step time: time for the completion of one step (left or right)

Question 14

gait

what is stance time?

Answer 14

the amount of time that elapses during the stance phase of one extremity in a gait cycle

Question 15

gait

what is single support time?

Answer 15

the amount of time that elapses during the period when only one extremity is on the supporting surface in a gait cycle

Question 16

gait

what is double support time?

Answer 16

the amount of time spent with both feet on the ground during one gait cycle

Question 17

gait

what is walking speed?
what is the comfortable walking speed of adult men? adult women?

Answer 17

the distance traversed during a specified period of time (m/s or m/min)
- adult men: 82 m/min or 1.37 m/s
- adult women: 78 m/min or 1/30 m/s

the speed can be useful to address fall risk

Question 18

gait

10-meter walk test:
walking speed equation -

no need to know how to calculate just know the equation!!

Answer 18

**walking speed = distance /time **

example: 8 steps in 5 seconds

6 m/5 sec = 1.2m/s m/min: 1.2 m/s x 60 s= 72 m/min

Question 19

gait

10 meter walk test:
what is the cadence equation?

Answer 19

cadence = steps/time

Question 20

gait

10 meter walk test:
what is the stride length equation?

Answer 20

stride length = walking speed / 1/2 cadence

m/min and strides/min

Question 21

gait

phases of gait cycle:

what is stance phase?
what is swing phase?

Answer 21

stance: some prat of the foot is in contact with the floor approx 62% of the gait cycle

swing: foot is not in contact with the floor. remaining 38% of the gait cycle

Question 22

gait

Answer 22

Question 23

gait

functional tasks with gait:
weight acceptance -

Answer 23

• shock absorption
• forward progression
  -stability

Question 24

gait

functional tasks with gait
single limb support-

Answer 24

• forward progression
• stability

Question 25

# gait functional tasks with gait: swing limb advancement-

Answer 25

- foot clearnace - limb advancement

Question 26

# gait what is initial contact? what % of gait cycle? accomplishments?

Answer 26

Question 27

# gait what is loading respones? what % of the gait cycle? accomplishments?

Answer 27

Question 28

# gait what is mid stance? what % of gait cycle? accomplisments?

Answer 28

Question 29

# gait what is terminal stance? what % of the gait cycle? accomplisments?

Answer 29

Question 30

# gait what is pre-swing? what % of gait cycle? accomplishments?

Answer 30

Question 31

# gait what is initial swing? what % of the gait cycle? accomplishments?

Answer 31

Question 32

# gait what is mid swing? what % of the gait cycle? accomplishments?

Answer 32

Question 33

# gait what is terminal swing? what % of the gait cycle? accomplishments?

Answer 33

Question 34

# gait go watch a gait video and use your score card!

Answer 34

what did you notice? talk through every phase of the gait cycle.... were there deviations? what about their arms? how did their arms move with their legs? did you assess lateral, anterior and posterior? did you do it systematically? what was your reference limb? with the deviations you spotted what could be some challenges this person may have? good job!

Question 35

# gait initial contact: external moments occuring in sagittal view

Answer 35

ground reaction force vector passes behind the ankle (tending to plantarflex it), bit in front of the knee and hip (tending to extend the knee and flex the hip

Question 36

# gait during initial contact of the heel where are the AOR? where are the GRFV? what motions will these placement encourage?

Answer 36

AOR: lateral malleolus lateral condyle of femur middle of thigh GRFV: behind lateral malleolus in front of lateral condyle of femur in front of middle of thigh these combined encourage: ankle: plantarflexion moment knee: extension moment hip: flexion moment

Question 37

# gait Loading Response- External moments: where are the GRFV now? where are the AOR's? what motions are being encouraged?

Answer 37

GRFV: ankle: posterior knee and hip: anterior ankle: plantar flexion moment knee: flexion moment )absorb and dredistrubte forces) Hip: flexion moment

Question 38

# gait mid stance: external moments big picture, what has changed at this point in the gait? GRFV vertical in the end: motions encouraged?

Answer 38

big picture the weight is on a single limb, staking the AOR closer on top of each other. the body is needing a stable base to maintain this single limb position GRFV vertical in the end: ankle: anterior to knee: posterior to hip: posterior to motions: ankle: dorsiflexion moment knee: flexion to extension moment hip: flexion to extension

Question 39

# gait terminal stance - external moments GRFV: AOR: motions encouraged:

Answer 39

GRFV: anterior to the ankle anterior moves posterior to the knee posterior to the hip (large external moment) AOR: ankle: lateral malleolus knee: lateral epicondyle of femur hip: greater trochanter motions: ankle - dorsiflexion moment knee - extension to flexion moment hip: extension moment

Question 40

# gait pre-swing external moments: GRFV: motions encouraged:

Answer 40

GRFV: ankle: anterior to knee: posterior to hip: posterior to Motions: ankle: dorsiflexion moment knee: flexion moment hip: decreasing extension moment

Question 41

initial contact- critical events sagittal plane heel contact:

Answer 41

heel contact initiates the heel rocker by creating an external PF moment at the ankle initiating PF ## Footnote * gravity also plays a rol in producing a PF moment

Question 42

initial contact sagittal plane: degrees of motions + motions ankle: knee: thigh: pelvis: frontal plane calcaneus: knee: hip: pelvis:

Answer 42

sagittal plane: ankle: 0° neutral knee: 0°-5° flexion plevis: 15° anterior tilt frontal plane: calcaneus: 2° inversion knee: minial valgus hip: adducted pelvis: contralateral side dropping from neutral

Question 43

initial contact: muscualr activity ankle: knee: hip:

Answer 43

anke: dorsiflexors (eccentric) plantar flexion moment --> plantar flexors are trying to control the tibialis anteriro knee: vasti (concentric) preparation for loading hip: hip extensors (concentric), preparing to bring the hip to extension, resist flexion moment

Question 44

# GAIT during loading response what are the critical events in the sagittal plane?

Answer 44

- controlled knee flexion adn PF (heel rocker) with hip stabilization druing weight transfer - forefoot descends to the floor around the calcaneus/floor axis (5° of plantar flexion) - tibial froward movement causes the knee to flex 15° - thigh is stable as it begins to extend with the trunk upright - knee flexion and ankle PF decelerate body weight to absorb shock

Question 45

# GAIT During loading response what are the critical events that occur in the frontal plane?

Answer 45

- calceanul eversion (subtalar) eversion couple with medial tibial rotation during weight transfer - calcaneal eversion unlocked the foot and increases its flexibility, while body weight is being transferred to the stance limb ## Footnote (pronation unlocks foot allowing it to absorve more (flexible)), eversion and pronation go together