GAIT

Question 1

What are the names of the phases according to traditional terminology

Answer 1

Heel strike
Foot flat
Midstance
Heel off
Toe off

Acceleration
Midswing
Deceleration

Question 2

What are the names of the phases according to RLA?

Answer 2

Initial contact
Loading response
Midstance
Terminal stance
Preswing

Initial swing
Mid swing
Terminal swing

Question 3

Muscle activation during heel strike/initial contact?

Answer 3

QUADS are active at heel strike through early stance to control small amt of knee flexion for shock absorption
ANKLE DF (tib ant, EHL, EDL) control lowering of foot from heel strike to foot flat

Question 4

What are the two period of double support in the gait cycle?

Answer 4

Foot flat/loading response
And
Toe off/pre-swing

Question 5

Muscle activation during foot flat/loading response?

Answer 5

GASTROC-SOLEUS muscles are active from foot flat thru midstance to eccentrically Control forward tibial advancement

Question 6

Muscle activation during midstance/midstance?

Answer 6

Hip, knee and ankle EXTENSORS are active throughout stance to oppose anti-gravity forces and stabilize the limb

Question 7

During midstance, hip extensors control what?

Answer 7

Forward motion of the trunk

Question 8

During midstance, hip abductors control what?

Answer 8

Stabilize the pelvis during U/L stance

Question 9

During midstance, the gastroc-soleus muscles control what?

Answer 9

Forward tibial advancement and ENERGY IS STORED as Achilles’ tendons elongate

Question 10

Muscle activation during heel off/terminal stance?

Peak activity of what muscle?

Answer 10

PLANTAR FLEXORS - occurs from heel off to toe off and generate forward propulsion of the body and swing limb

Question 11

During heel off/terminal stance, what happens to the energy stored in Achilles’ tendon from previous phase?

Answer 11

RELEASED

Question 12

Muscle activation during toe off/preswing?

Answer 12

Hip and knee EXTENSORS (HS AND QUADS) may contribute to forward propulsion with a brief burst of activity

Question 13

Muscle activation during acceleration/initial swing?
Forward acceleration of the limb achieved through the brief action of the ______
By midswing, the _____ are silent and pendular motion is in effect
Hip _____ (_______) aid in forward limp propulsion

Answer 13

QUADS
Quads
Flexors (iliopsoas)

Question 14

Muscle activation during midswing/midswing?

Answer 14

Foot clearance is achieved by hip flexors, knee flexors, and ankle DF’ors

Question 15

Muscle activation during deceleration/terminal swing?
____ act during late swing to decelerate the limb in prep for heel strike
____ and _____ _____ become active in late swing to prepare for heel strike

Answer 15

HS

Quads and ankle DF

Question 16

Pelvic motion, in transverse plane…
The pelvis on the side of the swing limb moves forward to advance the limb; mean rotation is ___ degrees.
The C/L side also rotates ___ degrees when it is the swing limb for a total of __ degrees

Answer 16

4
4
8

Question 17

Pelvis motion, frontal plane (lateral pelvic tilt):
__ degrees, controlled by hip ____ muscles
The side C/L to the stance limb ____ during loading response

Answer 17

5
Abductors
Drops

Question 18

Pelvic motion, sagittal plane (anterior/posterior tilt):
The pelvis is naturally ____ tilted at ______ degrees
And is pulled _____ as the hip _____ reach the end range of terminal stance
The pelvis moves side to side ___ cm, moving toward the stance limb during loading response

Answer 18

Anteriorly, 10-15
Anterior, flexors
4 cm

Question 19

Mean cadence for walking is approximately? Running?

Answer 19

110 spm

180 spm

Question 20

Velocity of walking speed average is approximately?

Answer 20

1.3 m/s (3 mph)

Question 21

Average O2 rate for comfortable walking is ____ mL/kg x min

Answer 21

12

Question 22

Metabolic cost of walking averages ___ kcal/min on level surfaces

Answer 22

5.5

Question 23

Gait deviations:
Trunk and hip:
Lateral trunk bending as a result of weak _________

Answer 23

Glute med

Will see bending to the SAME side as weakness (trendelenberg gait)

Question 24

Gait deviations:
Trunk and hip:
Backward trunk lean is result of weak ________
Will have difficulty with what?

Answer 24

Glute max

Going up stairs or ramps

Question 25

Gait deviations: Trunk and hip: Forward trunk lean is the result of weak ______ And with ___ and ____ flexion contractures

Answer 25

Quads | Hip and knee

Question 26

Gait deviations: Trunk and hip: Excessive hip flexion is due to weak _____ or tight ____ and ____

Answer 26

Hip extensors | Hip and/or knee flexors

Question 27

Gait deviations: Trunk and hip: Limited hip extension is the result of ____ or ____ hip _____

Answer 27

Tight or spastic hip flexors

Question 28

Gait deviations: Trunk and hip: Limited hip flexion is the result of weak _____ or tight _____

Answer 28

Hip flexors | Extensors

Question 29

Gait deviations: Trunk and hip: Abn synergistic activity causes excessive hip _____ combined with hip and knee _____, _______ ______ or ______ gait pattern

Answer 29

Adduction Extension, plantarflexion Scissoring, adducted

Question 30

Gait deviations: Trunk and hip: Antalgic gait- stance time is abbreviated on _____ limb, which results in uneven gait pattern The uninvolved limb has a ______ ______ ______ because it must WB sooner than normal

Answer 30

Painful | Shorter step length

Question 31

Gait deviations: Knee: Excess knee flexion: the result of weak _______ or ____ ____ contracture

Answer 31

Quads | Knee flexion

Question 32

Gait deviations: Knee: Excess knee flexion will have difficulty with what activity? ______ trunk bending can compensate for weak quads

Answer 32

Going down stairs or ramps | Forward

Question 33

Gait deviations: Knee: Hyperextension: the result of weak ________, or ______ contracture, or ______ spasticity

Answer 33

Quads Plantarflexion Extensor

Question 34

``` Gait deviations: Ankle/foot: Forefoot initial contact: Often results from weak ________ Spastic or tight _________ May also be caused by ______ _____ ```

Answer 34

Dorsiflexors Plantarflexors Shortened leg

Question 35

Gait deviations: Ankle/foot: Foot slap: Forefoot contacts floor with an audible slap after IC; the result of weak _____ or ______

Answer 35

Dorsiflexors | Hypotonia

Question 36

Gait deviations: Ankle/foot: Foot flat: Heel and forefoot contact the ground simultaneously; the result of weak _______, limited ______; or ________ gait pattern

Answer 36

Dorsiflexors ROM Immature

Question 37

Gait deviations: Ankle/foot: Calcaneus gait: Loading predominantly on heel with excessive _______ and uncontrolled forward motion of the tibia - this results from weak _________

Answer 37

Dorsiflexion | PF’ors

Question 38

``` Gait deviations: Ankle/foot: Equinus gait: Does the heel touch the ground? The result of spasticity or contracture of _____ _____ ```

Answer 38

No | Plantarflexors

Question 39

Gait deviations: Ankle/foot: Supination: ______ calcaneus and excessive _____ loading of the foot May occur at IC and correct at the foot flat with weight acceptance or remain throughout stance Possible causes include?

Answer 39

Varus Lateral Spastic invertors, weak evertors, pes varus, genu varum

Question 40

Gait deviations: Ankle/foot: Hyperpronation: Excessive _____ contact of foot during stance with _____ position of calcaneus Possible causes include?

Answer 40

Medial, valgus | Pes valgus, weak invertors, spasticity

Question 41

Gait deviations: Ankle/foot: Clawed toes Result of spastic ___ ________; possibly a hyperactive ______ ____ _____

Answer 41

Toe flexors | Plantar grasp reflex

Question 42

Gait deviations: | Ankle/foot: Inadequate push off: the results of weak _____ ____, decreased ROM into _________, or pain in the ________

Answer 42

Plantar flexors, PF, forefoot

Question 43

Gait deviations: Swing: Trunk and Hip: Insufficient forward pelvic rotation (Stiff pelvis, pelvic retraction) The result of weak ______ muscles, weak ______ muscles

Answer 43

Abdominal | Flexor

Question 44

Gait deviations: Swing: Trunk and Hip: Insufficient hip and knee flexion: the result of weak ___ and _____ flexors; inability to lift the leg and move it forward

Answer 44

Hip and knee

Question 45

Gait deviations: Swing: Trunk and Hip: Circumduction: the leg swings out to the side (abd/ER followed by add/IR), the result of what weak muscles?

Answer 45

Weak hip and knee flexors

Question 46

Gait deviations: Swing: Trunk and Hip: Hip hiking (QL Action): a compensatory response for weak ___ and ____ flexors, or _____ spasticity

Answer 46

Hip and knee | Extensor

Question 47

Gait deviations: Swing: Trunk and Hip: Excessive hip and knee flexion (steppage gait): a compensatory response to ______ the leg; the result of weak ______ May be seen with diabetic neuropathy of the _____ nerve

Answer 47

Shorten DF’ors Peroneal nerve

Question 48

Gait deviations: | Swing: Trunk and Hip: Abn synergistic activity: Excession ___ and ___ flexion with abduction

Answer 48

Hip and knee

Question 49

Gait deviations: Swing: Knee: Insufficient knee flexion: the result of ______ spasticity, Pain/decreased ROM, or weak _______

Answer 49

Extensor | HS

Question 50

Gait deviations: | Swing: Knee: excessive knee flexion: the result of _____ spasticity; ______ _____ _____

Answer 50

Flexor | Flexion withdrawal reflex

Question 51

Gait deviations: | Swing: ankle/foot: Foot drop/equinus: the result of weak or delayed contraction of the ______ or spastic ________

Answer 51

DF’ors | PF’ors

Question 52

Gait deviations: | Swing: ankle/foot: Varus/inverted foot: the result of spastic _______, weak ________, or abn synergistic pattern

Answer 52

Invertors | Peroneals

Question 53

Gait deviations: Swing: ankle/foot: Equinovarus: the result of spasticity of the ____ ____ and or __________ Developmental abnormality

Answer 53

Post tib | Gastroc-soleus