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Biomechanics > Gait > Flashcards

Gait Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

Gait analysis

A

measure temporal spatial, kinematic, kinetic, and EMG data to get complete picture of how an individual walks

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2
Q

disadvantages of gait analysis

A

reliability of some measurements are questionable

dependent on expertise of observer and quality of tool

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3
Q

gait cycle

A

starts when one foot contacts the ground and ends with the next contact of the same foot with the ground

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4
Q

stride

A

synonymous gait cycle

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5
Q

step

A

sequence of events that occurs within successive ground contacts of opposite feet

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6
Q

step length

A

distance from a point of contact with the ground of one foot to the following occurance of the same point with the other foot

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7
Q

step width

A

the horizontal distance between the feet

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8
Q

foot angle

A

angle between the line of progression of the body and the long axis of the foot

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9
Q

cadence

A

the number of steps per minute

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10
Q

stride time

A

the time required for a full gait cycle

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11
Q

velocity

A

measures the time it takes to cover a given distance covered in a given amount of time

-best functional measure of someone’s walking ability

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12
Q

normative value for velocity

A

1.3 to 1.4 m/s or 3 MPH

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13
Q

normative value for cadence

A

110-120 steps/minute

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14
Q

normative value for step length

A

0.7 m or about 28 inches

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15
Q

Stance Phase of Gait Cycle

A

approx 60% of gait cycle

  • when foot hits the ground until it lifts
  • supporting body weight
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16
Q

single leg support of stance phase

A

one leg on ground

-occurs from 10-50% of gait cycle

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17
Q

double leg support of stance phase

A

both legs on ground

-occurs from 0-15% & 50-60% of gait cycle

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18
Q

swing phase

A

approx 40% of gait cycle

  • foot leaves ground until it hits ground again
  • goal: advance foot to go forward
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19
Q

subphases of stance phase

A
  • initial contact
  • loading response
  • mid-stance
  • terminal stance
  • pre-swing
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20
Q

initial contact

A

when foot touches ground

0% of gait cycle

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21
Q

loading response

A

initial contact w/ one foot until the opposite foot leaves the ground
-approx 8% of gait cycle

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22
Q

mid stance

A

begins when swing foot leaves the ground- ends when body weight is directly over stance leg

approx - 10-30% of gait cyccle

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23
Q

terminal stance

A

begins when body weight is directly over the stance leg and ends when swing leg contacts ground

-approx 30-50% of gait cycle
(heel off occurs at 40%)

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24
Q

pre-swing

A

begins when the (previous) swing foot contacts the ground and ends when the (previous) stance foot leaves ground

approx 50-60% of gait cycle
(toe off occurs at 60%)

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25
acceleration phase (swing phase)
toe off to mid swing
26
deceleration phase (swing phase)
mid swing to initial contact
27
early swing phase
occurs from toe off until swing foot is next to stance foot approx 60-73% of gait cycle
28
Mid-swing phase
occurs from feet adjacent until the tibia of the swing leg is vertical approx 73-87% of gait cycle
29
Late swing phase
occurs from tibia vertical until just before foot hits ground (87%-100% of gait cycle)
30
Gait
forward progression is achieved by successive and alternating steps forward
31
center of mass & gait
COM moves in 3 directions during gait Vertical (view from side) Medial-Lateral (view from front/back)
32
minimum height of vertical COM movement
occurs at the midpoint of both periods of double limb support 5% and 55% of gait cycle
33
maximum height of vertical COM movement
occurs at midpoint of both period of single leg stance 30% and 80% of gait cycle
34
medial lateral COM movement
shifts back & forth from left & right -maximum movement occurs at midstance 30% for one leg & 80% for the other leg
35
Kinematic strategies to minimize energy expenditure
minimize vertical displacement of COM minimize medial lateral displacement of COM
36
determinants of gait
-reduce significant energy consumption of ambulation 1. pelvic rotation 2. pelvic tilt 3. knee flexion in stance phase 4. ankle mechanism 5. foot mechanism 6. lateral displacement of body
37
pelvic rotation
forward rotation of pelvis (8% of swing phase) - reduces angle of hip flexion and extension - longer step length w/o further lowering of COM
38
pelvic tilt
5 degree dip of the swinging side (hip abduction) - in standing, this dip is a + Trendelenburg sign - reduces height of apex of the curve of COM
39
knee flexion in stance phase
approx 20 degree dip - shortens the leg in the middle of stance phase - reduces the height of the apex of the curve of COM
40
ankle mechanism
lengthens the leg at heel contact - smoothens the curve of COM - reduces the lowering of COM
41
foot mechanism
lengthens the leg at toe-off as ankle moves from dorsiflexion to plantar flexion - smoothens curve of COM - reduces lowering of COM
42
lateral displacement of body
the normally narrow width of walking base minimizes the lateral displacement of COM -reduced muscular energy consumption due to reduced lateral acceleration & deceleration
43
Why is COM important?
- critical for energy expenditure during gait (changes energy back & forth from potential energy to kinetic energy) - determines where the ground reaction force is applied to a joint (body needs to control GRF by activating muscles)
44
The trunk in gait
important for maintaining balance and minimizing energy expenditure during gait - trunk rotation is about 7 degrees - restriction of trunk motion may increase energy expenditure by 10%
45
Trunk anterior/posterior position - COM and GRF
if someone is leaning forward, the GRF is anterior to the knee - may be a compensation for weakness: hang on the posterior capsule for the knee
46
shoulder motion
out of phase with the hip increased arm swing = increased speed used for maintenance of balance
47
pelvis movement during gait
anterior and posterior pelvic tilt/rotation - pelvis is considered rigid during gait - movement is small (2-4 degrees of motion)
48
pelvis at heel contact
pelvis is neutral -goes into slight posterior tilt/rotation at 10% of gait cycle (double support)
49
pelvis at mid stance
moves into anterior tilt/rotation
50
pelvis at toe off
moves back into posterior tilt/rotation until toe off | double support
51
pelvis at mid swing
back to anterior tilt/rotation at mid swing | helps hip advance
52
Patient w/ hip flexion contractures (effect on pelvis)
show an exaggerated anterior pelvic tilt and lordosis during the second half of the stance
53
pelvis motion & velocity
increases with velocity -increase functional step length
54
pelvis in frontal plane
look from front or back - watch the iliac crest rise/fall - pelvic obliquity -moves about 10 degrees due to adduction/abduction of the hip
55
Pelvis (frontal plane) on stance
during weight acceptance onto the stance leg, the pelvis drops on the swing side pattern repeats itself inverse after the opposite foot strike
56
pelvis : horizontal plane @ initial contact
pelvis is rotated four degrees internally
57
pelvis (horizontal plane) during swing
pelvis ER - first returning to neutral position and then continuing to externally rotate an additional 4 degrees (rotation lengthens the t trailing and advancing limbs) prevents 0.95 cm of downward displacement of COM
58
The hip in sagittal plane
hip is flexed about 30 degrees at initial contact but as the body moves over foot, it extends
59
when does maximum hip extension occur
right before toe-off (10 degrees)
60
When does hip flexion start? & when is maximum hip flexion? (sagittal plane)
right before pre-swing max = just before initial contact (35 degrees) - but the hip is ready to extend to get ready for weight acceptance
61
when is the hip at neutral (sagittal plane)
neutral at toe-off
62
when is the hip at neutral (frontal plane)
at initial contact
63
hip adduction occurs (frontal) & max
as weight goes on stance foot max hipp adduction is 5 degrees around 20% of gait cycle

Biomechanics (7 decks)

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