Gait Across the Lifespan Flashcards by Michelle Hien

Development of Gait (from ___ to ___)

9 months to 7 years

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What are the 4 spatio-temporal characteristics?

Velocity (m/min)
Cadence (steps/min)
Stride (m)
SLS (%GC)

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Velocity of 1, 1.5, 3, 7 year old?

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Cadence of 1, 1.5, 3, 7 year old?

176
171
154
144

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Stride Length of 1, 1.5, 3, 7 year old?

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SLS of 1, 1.5, 3, 7 year old?

32
32
35
38

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By what age are children kinematics adult-like?

7 years

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What is normal cadence?

1.4 m/s

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What happens to cadence as a child grows?

Starts high, then drops

Changes won’t stop until maturity stops

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What happens to stride length as a child grows?

The longer the leg, the longer the stride

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Where is the COM? Why?

@ 9 to 15 months

Lower thoracic level due to the head being proportionally larger the COM is higher on the body

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What contributes to babies being weak?

@ 9 to 15 months

High fat to muscle muscle mass ratio, muscle system not developed yet

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Describe the standing posture of a baby.

@ 9 to 15 months

Wide BOS
Hip ABD &amp; F
Excessive femoral anteversion
Knee varus
Tibia IR
Heel everted

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As bone develop which characteristic of posture will change?

@ 9 to 15 months

Femoral anteversion

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What 3 characteristic is analyzed during a standing posture analysis?
@ 9 to 15 months

Knee varus
Tibia IR
Heel everted

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What is the purpose of a wide BOS?

@ 9 to 15 months

Good M/L stability

Head must remain w/i BOS to maintain balance

What is the purpose of a full foot contact?

@ 9 to 15 months

Increase stability
Increase cadence
Decrease stride length
Foot Drop in swing (due to ant tib weakness)

What type of contraction do babies use?

@ 9 to 15 months

Co-contraction

Which muscles are activated during swing?

@ 9 to 15 months

Gastroc/Ant Tib

Which muscles are activated during stance?

@ 9 to 15 months

Quads/Hams

What are some factors that limit gait function?

@ 9 to 15 months

Decrease extensor strength (hip extensors, quads, gas)
Causing A/P stability limitations
Poor dynamic balance
Limited postural control (head & trunk)

What are the characteristics of a toddler?

@ 18 to 24 months

Increase near maturation
Increase walking experience
Lower COM

Describe the standing posture of a toddler?

@ 18 to 24 months

Decrease Hip ABD
Reduction in anteversion (still greater than norm adults)
Decrease knee various (valgus development)
Heel remains everted
Decrease BOS
- Reflects increase strength and dynamic stability

What are the gait characteristics of a toddler?

@ 18 to 24 months

Decrease BOS –> Increase A/P movement over supporting foot
Emerging LR knee flexion, Eccentric muscle control
Heel strike is seen by 24 months
Decrease co-contraction

What are the characteristics of a young child? | @ 3 - 3.5 years

COM is closer to extremities as LE growth stabilizes Balance mechanisms still developing - Visual/vestibular still immature

Describe the standing posture of a young child? | @ 3 - 3.5 years

Emergence of knee values Decrease eversion at heel Continued Decrease femoral anteversion (still greater than norm adults)

Describe the gait characteristics of a young child? | @ 3 - 3.5 years

More adult-like kinematics and EMG patterns | Joint torques remain somewhat immature (lower)

What are the characteristics of a grown child? | @ 6-7 years

Period of disproportionate growth passed | COM still higher (L3)

What is the standing posture of a grown child? | @ 6-7 years

Normal tibiofemoral angle Neutral heel Continued decrease in femoral anteversion (still greater than norm adult)

What are the gait characteristics of a grown child? | @ 6-7 years

Minimal difference in kinematics and kinetic when compared to adults Temporal-spatial parameters continue to change with age

Factors contributing to altered gait patterns in elderly

``` Decreased... strength visual activity ROM/ increase jt stiffness spine/pelvic mobility, COM changes vestibular feedback ```

What are common gait characteristics of elderly?

``` Decrease velocity - decrease stride length & cadence Increase DLS time - decrease SLS time Increase BOS Foot flat IC - decrease heel rocker Decrease foot clearance - increase hip/knee flexion Decrease peak ROM - LR knee flexion - Hip flexion (swing) - Knee flexion (swing) - Ankle DF (stance) ```

What does heel rocker limit?

Forward progression

What is the first to go?

Heel strike!