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UM - Tests and Measures > Gait and Balance - E1 > Flashcards

Gait and Balance - E1 Flashcards

1
Q

How much time is spent in double limb support?

A

20%

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2
Q

What is the ground reaction force

A

The forces applied to the foot by the ground (in equal magnitude & opp direction) occurring in the 3 axis, combining to form one force vector.

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3
Q

What are the joint positions at initial contact?

A

Ankle: 0-5 PF
Knee: 10-15 flex
Hip: 30 flex

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4
Q

What are the joint positions at loading response?

A

Ankle: 15 PF
Knee: 15 flex
Hip: 25 flex

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5
Q

What are the joint positions at midstance?

A

Ankle: 10 DF
Knee: 5 flex
Hip: 0 ext

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6
Q

What are the joint positions at terminal stance?

A

Ankle: Neutral 0
Knee: 0
Hip: 10-20 ext

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7
Q

What are the joint positions at pre-swing?

A

Ankle: 20 PF
Knee: 30 flex
Hip: 10 ext

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8
Q

What are the joint positions at Initial swing?

A

ankle: 10 PF
Knee: 60 flex
Hip: 20 flex

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9
Q

What are the joint positions at Midswing?

A

Ankle: neutral 0
Knee: 30 flex
Hip: 30 flex

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10
Q

What are the joint positions at Terminal swing?

A

Ankle: Neutral 0
Knee: 0 ext
Hip: 30 flex

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11
Q

What is happening at __A_ from initial contact to the loading response?

a) ankle DF

A

a) ankle DF - Eccentric to decelerate PF

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12
Q

What is happening at _B__ from initial contact to the loading response?

b) Quads

A

b) Quads - Eccentric to decelerate knee flexion

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13
Q

What is happening at __C_ from initial contact to the loading response?

c) HS and GluteMax

A

c) HS and GluteMax - Eccentric to decelerate hip flexion

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14
Q

What is happening at _D__ from initial contact to the loading response?

d) Hip abd

A

d) Hip abd - Eccentric/iso to decelerate pelvic drop and stabilize pelvis

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15
Q

What is happening at _E__ from initial contact to the loading response?

e) ES, TA, EAO

A

e) ES, TA, EAO - stabilize trunk during weight transfer and prevent jack-knifing

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16
Q

What is happening at the foot intrinsics from the loading response to midstance?

A

Foot intrinsics - Eccentrically lengthening as the foot pronates

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17
Q

Where does glute max and med activity peak?

A

During midstance

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18
Q

What is happening at ____ from the loading response to midstance?

  • Ankle PF
A

Ankle PF: Eccentric - control DF in form of tibial advancement and develop potential energy

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19
Q

What is happening at ____ from the loading response to midstance?

  • Quads
A
  • Quads: Eccentric/Isometric control of lower leg
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20
Q

What is happening at ____ from the loading response to midstance?

  • Hip abductors
A
  • Hip abductors: continue their activity (decel pelv drop and stabilize pelvis), becoming isometric as continue to halt drop on CL side
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21
Q

What is happening at ____ from midstance to terminal stance?

  • Foot intrinsics/ankle PF
A
  • Foot intrinsics/PF: continue to eccentrically lengthen/eccentric control DF and develop PE, becoming isometric around 40% w/heel rise
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22
Q

What is happening at ____ from midstance to terminal stance?

-Hip abductors

A

Hip abductors- moves from isometric to concentric to elevate the pelvis in preparation of swing

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23
Q

What is happening at ____ from midstance to terminal stance?

-Adductor Longus

A
  • Thought to have a role in pelvic rotation
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24
Q

What is happening at ____ from midstance to terminal stance?

  • Iliopsoas
A
  • Iliopsoas: eccentric control of hip extension w/spring-like loading to prep for swing phase
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25
Q

What is happening at ____ from midstance to terminal stance?

  • Quads
A
  • Quads: Inactive (GRF and PF are maintaining knee extension)
26
Q

What is happening at __ in preswing?

  • PF
A
  • PF: Concentric push off w/supinated foot
27
Q

What is happening in preswing?

A

Widespread mm activity

28
Q

What is happening at __ in preswing?

-Hip flexors

A

Eccentric -> concentric to advance LE into swing

29
Q

What is happening at __ in preswing?

  • Knee flexors (biceps fem + gracilis)
A

Knee extensors:
Slow: concentric flex knee
Normal/fast: momentum only, no mm

30
Q

What is happening at __ in preswing?

-Erector Spinae and trunk stabil

A

Control unwanted trunk mvmt and stabilize upper body

31
Q

What is happening at __ in initial swing?

  • Hip flexors + Knee extensors
A

Concentric to advance leg

32
Q

What is happening at __ in initial swing?

  • DF
A

Concentric activation for foot clearance

33
Q

What is happening during midswing?

A

Most mm activity ceases EXCEPT DF w/inertia carrying the leg through

34
Q

What is happening at __ during terminal swing?

  • HS
A

HS - eccentric to decelerate swinging extremity

35
Q

What is happening at __ during terminal swing?

  • DF
A

DF: hold ankle in position for initial contact

36
Q

What is happening at __ during terminal swing?

  • Quads and hip Abd
A

Initiate activity just before foot touches ground to prep body for large GRF

37
Q

General mm activation in Initial stance?

A

LE mm, particular 2-jt are absorbing E and controlling body from falling to ground (ECCENTRIC)

38
Q

General mm activation in Late Stance?

A

LE mm develop tension through eccentric and concentric contractions as well as other leg moving forward

39
Q

General mm activation in Swing phase?

A

Spring-like recoil of mm w/some concentric contraction to advance leg fwd and clear foot

40
Q

List the 4 categories of abnormal gait patterns

A

1 - Pain
2 - MM weakness
3 - Lack of ROM in LE joints
4 - Neurological/Balance Impaired

41
Q

Pain in abnormal gait

A

It is an antalgic pattern, w/shortened stride length, less stance t on involved limb

42
Q

MM weakness in abnormal gait

A

Lack of eccentric control in stance phase, giving way or trunk compensation

43
Q

Lack of ROM in abnormal gait

A

Limited/lack ROM in LE limits the normal gait pattern

44
Q

Neurological/Balance impaired in abnormal gait

A
  • Decreased coordination
  • unable to initiate movement
  • increased BOS
  • postural sway
  • syngergy patterns
  • little to no mm activation concentrically
  • increased compensations and use of devices
45
Q

What is the 6th vital sign?

A

Gait speed

46
Q

How do you test gait speed?

A

10M walk test

47
Q

What is an increase/decrease in gait speed linked to?

A

Overall change - predicts mortality, decline, and physiological changes
Increase - greater quality of life
Decrease - increase fall risk

48
Q

What are the minimum standards of gait speed?

A
  • 300 m in less than 11.5 min (speed 0.45 m/s)

- 1.3 m/sec for 13-27 m (to cross street)

49
Q

What are the phases of ascending stairs?

A

Stance phase - 64%

  • Weight acceptance
  • Pull up
  • forward continuance

Swing phase - 36%

  • foot clearance
  • foot placement
50
Q

What are the phases of descending stairs?

A

Stance phase

  • Weight acceptance
  • Forward continuance
  • Controlled lowering

Swing phase

  • leg pull through
  • forward placement
51
Q

What is the knee extensor moment for ascending and descending stairs?

A

3x that of walking

52
Q

What is the role of the knee in

a) ascending stairs
b) descending stairs

A

a) generative (Forces)

b) absorptive

53
Q

What is the roll of the quads in

a) ascending stairs
b) descending stairs

A

a) Concentric to raise

b) eccentric to lower

54
Q

What occurs during the pull up phase of ascending stairs?

A

Period of SL support w/instability where body weight shifted from back leg to forward leg that is :
flexed at hip, knee, and ankle

55
Q

What major mm are activated during the pull up phase of ascending stairs?

A

RF, VL, Soleus, and medial gastroc

56
Q

What major mm are activated during descending stairs?

A

Eccentric RF, VL, soleus, and medial gastroc

+ peak hip abductor moment

57
Q

What mm has its peak moment in stair descent?

A

Hip abductors

58
Q

What is the relationship between speed and stance phase in running?

A

Inverse relation

59
Q

What must be present in order for running to occur?

A

Float phase - period of time w/o limb contact

60
Q

What are the two phases of running?

A

Stance phase (40%) and Float phase (60%)

UM - Tests and Measures (2 decks)

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