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Embryology > Gametogenesis to Neurulation > Flashcards

Gametogenesis to Neurulation Flashcards

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1
Q

5 Events of Early Embryogenesis

A
  1. Gametogenesis
  2. Fertilization
  3. Cleavage
  4. Gastrulation
  5. Neurulation
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2
Q

process of development and maturation of sex cells called gametes.

A

gametogenesis

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3
Q

the mature reproduction cells capable of fertilization.

A

Gametes

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4
Q

3 functions of structure and physiology of gametes.

A
  1. to survive in environment quite different from that of the gonad
  2. to recognize homologous cells of the other gender and participate in events related to fertilization
  3. provide sufficient genetic and cytoplasmic materials to support development of a new organism
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5
Q

refers to the development and maturation of female gamete (ovum)

A

Oogenesis

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6
Q

refers to the maturation and development of male gametes (spermatozoa)

A

spermatogenesis

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7
Q

the gonads in males

A

testes

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8
Q

specialized tubules inside the testes

A

seminiferous tubules

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9
Q

transformation of spermatids to spermatozoa

A

spermiogenesis

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10
Q

female gonads

A

ovaries

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11
Q

important process inside the ovaries

A

oogenesis

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12
Q

special stem cells found in the female individual

A

oogonia

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13
Q

where the nucleus of the secondary oocyte begins meiosis II progressing only to metaphase II, then division arrest

A

Ovulation

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14
Q

ensures that the endometrium is just the right layer and thickness for the developing embryo

A

Estrogen

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15
Q

3 types of ovum

A

•microelecithal egg
•mesolecithal egg
•macrolecithal egg

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16
Q

has no stored food material

A

spermatozoon

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17
Q

has stored food material in the form of yolk

A

ovum

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18
Q

the union of a haploid female gamete (oocyte) with a haploid male gamete (spermatozoon) to form diploid zygote.

A

Fertilization

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19
Q

where fertilization takes place

A

fallopian tube (oviduct)

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20
Q

penetrated by a single spermatozoon

A

ovum

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21
Q

it is the chromatin in the nucleus thickens into chromosomes

A

female pronucleus

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22
Q

chromatin in the head (nucleus) of the spermatozoon thickens into chromosomes

A

male pronucleus

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23
Q

series of cell division that occurs in the zygote following fertilization.

A

cleavage

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24
Q

2 types of cleavage

A

•holoblastic or equal cleavage
•meroblastic or discoid cleavage

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25
occurs in mammals contains a small amount of yolk (isolecithal egg)
holoblastic or equal cleavage
26
occurs in birds and amphibians contains a large amount of yolk (telocithal egg)
meroblastic or discoid cleavage
27
large zygote if fractionated into numerous "normal size" cells
blastomeres
28
a solid ball of cells
morula
29
3 rapid transitional changes of morula
1. increased number and compaction of blastomeres. 2. transformation and rearrangement of blastomeres 3. rearrangement of blastomeres results in the formation of blastocyst.
30
it develops during 2nd week following the rupture of the zona pellucida
blastocyst
31
surface cells of blastocyst
trophoblast
32
fluid-filled cavity
blastacoele
33
epiblast from the inner surface of embryonic disk delaminate to form an inner layer
hypoblast
34
space appropriated from the blastocoele and enclosed by the hypoblast
primitive gut
35
indicates the location of the nucleus and cytoplasm of the zygote
embryonic disk
36
very young avian embryo
syncytium
37
state of embryonic development marked by rearrangement of the cells.
gastrulation
38
separate parallel tissues
germ layers
39
3 primary germ layers
1. ectoderm 2. mesoderm 3. endoderm or entoderm
40
the outermost layer
ectoderm
41
the middle layer
mesoderm
42
the innermost layer
endoderm or entoderm
43
considered a critical period of embryonic development
gastrulation
44
occurs in the epiblast of the embryonic disk
formation of the primitive streak
45
a thickened band of epiblast
primitive streak
46
presents a central deep hole
primitive pit
47
the process of epiblast migration to form endoderm and mesoderm
involution
48
2 layers of lateral mesoderm
•somatic mesoderm •splanchnic mesoderm
49
closely adjacent to the overlying ectoderm of the embryonic disk and the trophoblast
somatic mesoderm
50
closely related to the underlying embryomic endoderm and hypoblast
splanchnic (visceral) mesoderm
51
when somatic mesoderm and the embryonic ectoderm and trophoblast combine it forms what?
somatopleure
52
when splanchnic mesoderm together with the embryonic endoderm and hypoblast combine, it forms what?
splanchnopleure
53
hairpin-like structure in the caudal half and center of the embryonal area
primitive streak
54
a central pale oval area of blastoderm
area pellucida
55
a dark area peripheral to the area pellucida
area opaca
56
rod-shaped aggregate of epiblast cells located cranial to the primitive streak
notochord
57
epiblast form a mass of cells
paraxial mesoderm
58
what are the significance of notochord?
1. it induces the formation of the head, nervous system development and somite formation during the neurula stage. 2. it marks the future location pf the vertebral column. 3. in most primitive vertebrates, the notochord is the chief axial supporting structure of the body.
59
the fifth and last stage of early embryonic development.
neurulation
60
5 characterized of neurulation
i. formation of the central nervous system ii. formation of the head procesa iii. the initial development of the gut iv. formation of somite v. initial development of the heart
61
sequence of events of of the formation of the central nervous system
a. formation of neural plate b. neural plate becomes depressed to form neural groove c. neural folds converge d. fuse dorsally to form the neural tube with neural ectoderm
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the extreme anterior and posterior ends of the neural tube remain open
anterior neuropore and posterior neuropore
63
proliferate and assume a position dorsolateral to the neural tube
neural crest
64
process occupies the anterior border of future head.
formation of the head process or head process
65
two succeeding events mark this cephalic growth.
a. as the cephalic neural tube elongates rostrally b. the surface ectoderm lateral to the neutral tube
66
the first part of the gut tube that is formed
foregut
67
formed when the subcephalic pocket expands caudally beneath the head process
foregut (pharynx)
68
somites are blocks of mesoderm derived from paraxial mesoderm located just lateral to the notochord
formation of somites
69
mesoderm accumulates on each side of the notochord and is designated as paraxial mesoderm
sequence of somite development
70
rostral to the notochord, mesenchyme forms less developed somites
somitomeres
71
cells of the paraxial mesoderm become compact and arranged radially around a tiny central cavity
myocoele
72
lateral region of somites
dermatome
73
medial region of somite
sclerotome
74
middle region of somite
myotome
75
the cardiac tube originates from paired primordia in the mesoderm
initial development of the heart
76
the fused endocardial tubes and cardiogenic plates
cardiac tube
77
the fused dorsal parts of the splanchnic mesoderm
dorsal mesocardium
78
the fused ventral parts of splanchnic mesoderm
ventral mesocardium
79
the paired caudal extensions
R and L omphalomesenteric or vetelline veins
80
the early embryo is flat but but the vertebrate body plan features a cylindrical theme
development of a cylindrical body
81
transitions from a flat embryo to a cylindrical
• formation of heal fold • formation of tail hold • formation of lateral body folds
82
blind caudal region of the primitive gut that acquired a floor
hindgut

Embryology (2 decks)

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