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Major Therapeutic Areas > Gan Shermer > Flashcards

Gan Shermer Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

What is cancer?

A

Illness resulting from one of our body’s own cells growing out of control

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2
Q

Name the 4 nucleotide bases

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine

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3
Q

How many hydrogen bonds from A to T

A

2

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4
Q

How many hydrogen bonds from G to C

A

3

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5
Q

What are codons

A

Code for amino acids

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6
Q

What is a gene

A

Sequence of bases that code for a particular protein

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7
Q

What are cancer cells

A

Product of genetic mutations (changes to the DNA code) that set cells free from the usual controls on cell proliferation and survival

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8
Q

What is metastasis

A

When cancer cells become detached and move through the bloodstream becoming attached elsewhere

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9
Q

What is apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

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10
Q

What is the G 0 phase

A

Resting phase

Normal cell function

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11
Q

What is the G1 phase

A

1st growth phase

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12
Q

What is the S phase

A

Synthesis phase

DNA replication

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13
Q

What is the G2 phase

A

2nd growth phase

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14
Q

What is the M phase

A

Mitotic phase
Preparation for cell division
Cytokinesis = cell division

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15
Q

What are proliferation genes

A

Encode proteins that promote cell division

Tell the cell to leave the G0 and begin cell cycle

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16
Q

What are mutant genes called

A

Oncogenes

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17
Q

What are antiproliferation genes

A

Repress the genes that are essential for the continuing of the cell cycle
Inhibit cell division
Couple the cell cycle to DNA damage

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18
Q

What are metastasis suppressor

A

Proteins involved in cell adhesion that prevent tumours from dispersing

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19
Q

What are apoptosis genes?

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A 
Suicide genes
Several genes (proteins) involved in controlling cell death when cells are damaged and faulty
If these genes are damaged the faulty cell can continue dividing
20
Q

What are DNA repair genes?

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A

Proteins involved in repairing DNA if it is damaged or wrongly copied

21
Q

What is TP53

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A

Codes for p53 protein
Can activate DNA repair proteins
Can hold the cell cycle at G1 /S checkpoint to allow for repair
Can initiate apoptosis

22
Q

What cellular defects are associated with cancer

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A

Tissue invasion and metastasis
Abnormalities in cell cycle division
Evasion of apoptosis
Immortality (limitless cell division)
Abnormal signalling pathways
Insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals
Ability to develop new blood vessels ( angiogenesis)

23
Q

What anticancer therapies are available

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A 
Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radiation therapy
Immunotherapy
Hormone therapy
Gene therapy
24
Q

What do chemotherapy strategies rely on and what are the main targets

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A

Cancerous cells reproducing much faster than normal cells
The cell cycle
Angiogenesis

25
What is intrinsic resistance
Little response to drug Slow growth rate Low uptake
26
What is acquired resistance
Drug sensitive cells killed off leaving drug resistance cells to proliferate
27
What are alkylating agents?
Highly electrophilic compounds (strong covalent bonds with nucleophiles) Act directly on nucleic acids Nitrogen groups in adenine guanine and cytosine Can also alkylate proteins (poor selectivity) Can also be mutagenic themselves
28
What are the general strategies of alkylating agents
Transfer an alkyl group Attach directly to DNA Crosslink bases across double helix
29
What is Busulfan
1,4-butanediol, dimethanesulfonate Used in chronic myeloid leukaemia Di mesylate (mesclun group is a good leaving group)
30
What is cisplatin
Square planar platinum complex | Used in treating lung and ovarian cancers
31
What are the side effects of cisplatin
``` Severe nausea and vomiting Nephrotoxicity (kidney damage) Neurotoxicity Ototoxicity Alopecia ```
32
What is RNA
Single stranded Can carry messages to other parts of the cell Important in transcription and replication
33
What is tRNA
RNA strand synthesised from DNA template | Info from RNA then used to make amino acids/ proteins
34
What are antimetabolites
Alkylating agents that act directly on nucleic acids | Act on enzymes (enzymes involved with DNA/nucleotides synthesis)
35
What is the general action of antimetabolites
Disrupt the cell cycle | Suicide inhibitors - permanently attach to enzymes causing cell death
36
What are the main types of antimetabolites
Folic acid antagonists Pyrimidine analogues Purine analogues
37
What are topoisomerases
Molecular machines that manage the topological state of the DNA in a cell (how it packs)
38
What do anti tumour antibiotics work
Target DNA Cell cycle non-specific Generally bacteria derived Important structural components
39
What are microtubules?
Small tubes Part of cytoskeleton Made from Tubulin molecules Crucial in cell division
40
What part of the cell cycle do microtubules interact
M phase
41
What happens in prophase
Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes | Nuclear envelope breaks down
42
What happens during the prometa and mataphases
Spindles align at opposite ends of the cell Microtubules attach to the condensed chromosomes and centrosome Chromosomes align along cell equator
43
What happens during ana and telophase
Chromosomes separate and are pulled to the poles by shortening microtubules Nuclear envelope reappears around the separated chromatin
44
What are the two ways microtubules acts
To stop microtubules from depolymerising hence forcing the cell to remain in the metaphase To stop tubulin polymerising halts cell cycle in prophase
45
What are two main classes of anti mitotic drug
Taxanes | Vincas

Major Therapeutic Areas (3 decks)

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