Gas Exchange

Question 1

the process by which oxygen is transported to cells and carbon dioxide is transported from cells.

Answer 1

Gas Exchange

Question 2

When a patient is diagnosed with a Upper Respiratory Infection, what structures could be included?

Answer 2

Mouth, Nose, Pharynx (Throat), and Larynx (Voice box)

Question 3

Lack of oxygen

Answer 3

Hypoxia

Question 4

Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing

Answer 4

Dyspnea

Question 5

When a patient has a Lower Respiratory Infection, what structures could be included?

Answer 5

Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli, Pulmonary capillary network, Pleural membranes

Question 6

Limited amount of oxygen in the blood

Answer 6

Hypoxemia

Question 7

Restricted blood flow or blood supply to an organ or another part of the body

Answer 7

Ischemia

Question 8

Process of oxygen passively diffusing from the alveoli to the blood, where the oxygen attaches to the hemoglobin or dissolves in the plasma.

Answer 8

Oxygenation

Question 9

Oxygenated blood is transferred to the _____ while deoxygenated blood is transferred to the _____.

Answer 9

Capillaries; Lungs

Question 10

Movement of air in and out of the lungs

Answer 10

Ventilation

Question 11

Lungs inhale—the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward; additonally, the muscles between the ribs contract and pull upward. This increases the size of the thoracic cavity and decreases the pressure inside. As a result, air rushes in and fills the lungs.

Answer 11

The process of Inspiration

Question 12

In a mild impairment of respiratory distress, what are some signs and symptoms?

Answer 12

Increased Respiratory Rate and/or Increased Heart Rate

Question 13

When the lungs exhale, the diaphragm relaxes, and the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases, while the pressure within it increases. As a result, the lungs contract and air is forced out.

Answer 13

The process of expiration

Question 14

97% of Oxygen is dissolved in _____ while 3% of Oxygen is diffused in _____

Answer 14

Hemoglobin; Plasma

Question 15

In a severe case of respiratory distress, what are some signs and symptoms?

Answer 15

Ischemia, Necrosis, Acidosis

Question 16

Smoking, Chronic Respiratory Conditions (COPD, CF), altered mental state, Neurologic Disorders are all

Answer 16

Risk Factors

Question 17

What populations are at greatest risk for respiratory distress/illness/condition?

Answer 17

Children (mainly newborns and infants) and Older Adults1

Question 18

What are some reasons why older adults are at risk?

Answer 18

Slight increase in respiratory rate

Less blood flow to alveoli

anatomical and physiolgical changes (Weaker respiratory muscles, Reduced effectiveness of cough, Reduced gag reflexes)

Question 19

What are some reasons why children are most at risk?

Answer 19

Irregular respiratory patterns, Infants are nose breathers until 3 months, Abdominal breathing until age 5-7, More prone to airway collapse and blockage, Higher oxygen demand
Higher risk of respiratory failure

Question 20

Inflammation of the lung parenchyma (functional lung tissue) resulting from a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection

Answer 20

Pnuemonia

Question 21

What are some mild/moderate signs of pnuemonia?

Answer 21

Fever, Low oyxgen saturation, Tachypnea, Tachycardia

Question 22

What are some severe signs and symptoms of pnuemonia?

Answer 22

Respiratory rate greater than 30 breaths per minute
Hypotension (systolic blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg)
Heart rate greater than 125 beats per minute
Body temperature less than 95°F (35°C) or greater than 104°F (40°C

Question 23

What lab test measures for alkaosis or acidosis?

Answer 23

Artierial blood gas

Question 24

What tests are available for ruling out pnuemonia?

Answer 24

Chest X-Ray, sputium culture, CT scan, etc.

Question 25

Infection Control, Smoking Cessisation, and Immunizations are all considered

Answer 25

Primary Preventions

Question 26

What is the purpose of an Incentive Spirometer?

Answer 26

encourage deep breathing lung expansion and mucus clearance allows people to retrain their lungs to take slower and fuller breaths and optimize ventilation

Question 27

Delivers up to 6L/min of Oxygen; most common, most comfortable, less expensive

Answer 27

Nasal Cannula

Question 28

Short term oxygen; mainly used during transport

Answer 28

Oxygen face mask

Question 29

Simple mask with reservoir bag attached, Reservoir bag filled with oxygen, Delivers 50%-75% oxygen to patient

Answer 29

Partial Rebreather Mask

Question 30

One-way valves between mask and bag, One-way valves on side of mask, Prevents rebreathing of CO2, Delivers 90% oxygen to patient

Answer 30

Nonrebreather Mask

Question 31

Most accurate oxygen concentration, Oxygen concentration 24%-60%

Answer 31

Venturti Mask

Question 32

Indicated for high-humidity oxygen concentration; Post upper airway surgery

Answer 32

Aerosol Mask

Question 33

Facial trauma, Burns, Upper airway surgery

Answer 33

Face Tent

Question 34

Delivers heated and humidified medical gas; Up to 60 L/min

Answer 34

High flow Nasal Cannula

Question 35

Deilvers oxygenated air into your airways through a mask and a tube. The pressurized air prevents your airways from collapsing, which allows you to breathe continuously while you sleep

Answer 35

CPAP (Continuous Postive Airway Pressure) Machine

Question 36

Increase the pressure when you inhale to keep the airways in the nose and throat from closing while you are sleeping, and provide a lower pressure during exhalation that continues to maintain an open airway.

Answer 36

BiPAP (Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure)

Question 37

What class of drug activates the beta 2 receptors in the bronchial smooth muscle, resulting in bronchodilation?

Answer 37

Adrenergics/Bronchodilators

Question 38

What are some adrenergic bronchildilators?

Answer 38

``` Albuterol Formoterol Levalbuterol Salmeterol Terbutaline ```

Question 39

What are adrenergic bronchildilators used for?

Answer 39

Asthma

Question 40

What are some adverse reactions to adrenergic bronchodilators?

Answer 40

tachycardia palpitations cough migraine