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gas exchange Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

transverse section of a dicotyledon leaf

A

cuticle
upper epidermis cells
palisade mesophyll cells
spongy mesophyll cells
sub- stomatal air space
lower epidermis cells
guard cells stomata

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2
Q

why is the spongy mesophyll made up of irregular cells

A

because it will increase their surface area to volume ratio

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3
Q

what two major reactions take place in plant cells

A

photosynthesis and respiration

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4
Q

when do the reactions take place

A

photosynthesis-in the light
respiration-all the time

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5
Q

Stomata

A

open in light closed in dark
open- gas exchange
provides for metabolic needs of the plant
if plant loses too much water the guard cells will become shrunken and stomata close
reduces the water of volume lost
transpiration through open stomata

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6
Q

if stomata closes how will it affect gas exchange

A

less diffusion of CO2 and O2

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7
Q

what is transpiration

A

evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant

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8
Q

what outside factors will increase transpiration rate

A

high temp
low humidity
airflow
light

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9
Q

how have leaves adapted to gas exchange

A

thin
many small pores
many air spaces
large sa of mesophyll cells

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10
Q

three groupings of plants

A

hydrophytes
mesophytes
xerophytes

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11
Q

hydrophytes

A

live in environment with lots of water availability

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12
Q

mesophytes

A

live in environment with moderate water availability

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13
Q

xerophytes

A

live in environment with low water availablity

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14
Q

xerophyte adaptations to reduce water loss

A

a thick cuticle
rolled up leaves
hairy leaves
stomata on pits or grooves
a reduced surface area to volume ratio of the leaves
extensive root system

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15
Q

what feature of a respiratory surface is missing in an insect

A

permeable surface
also insect blood does not carry oxygen

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16
Q

to conserve water insects have

A

hard impermeable exoskeleton covered with a waterproof cuticle
cant use their body surface for gas exchange

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17
Q

for efficient gas exchange inscets need

A

a permeable surface with a large area

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18
Q

insects have

A

pores called spiracles on their thorax and abdomen
air enters through and leaves tubes called tracheae which are strengthened by rings of chitin that keep them open
tracheae further branch into many smaller tubes called tracheoles which bring air directly to respiring cells
short diffusion path

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19
Q

how do respiratory gases move in and out of the tracheal system

A

down a diffusion gradient
ventilation

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20
Q

where can inscets still lose water form

A

spiracles and openings to digestive tract

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21
Q

Setae

A

hairs around the spiracles

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22
Q

how will the setae educe the water lost

A

trap a layer of moist air to reduce the conc gradient

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23
Q

ficks law

A

diffusion rate is proportional to

concentration gradient x SA divided by diffusion rate

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24
Q

bony fish

A

have fore pairs of branchial arches supporting gill lamellae
these are covered by a muscular flam the operculum
have the counter flow system
blood and water flow in opposite directions
gives a efficient system

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25
why does the water flow over the gills in only one direction and not pass in and out of the gills as air does in the lungs of a mammal?
water has a higher density so it would take too much energy to move it in and out of the gills to extract oxygen
26
cartilaginous fish
parallel system blood and water flow in the same direction less efficient as the reach equilibrium less water extracted
27
what adaptations do fish gills have to ensure efficient gas exchange?
- large CG - large SA - small DD
28
respiration is composed of two processes
cell respiration gas exchange
29
gas exchange
uptake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide
30
to be effective respiratory surfaces must have several characteristics
- large SA - thin - permeable to some gasses - ventilation - movement of internal medium
31
list the structures that an oxygen molecule has ton pass through to reach the beach
nose/ mouth, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
32
trachea
a flexible airway with muscular walls
33
bronchi
trachea divides into two bronchi similar structure to trachea
34
bronchioles
each bronchus divides into many bronchioles walls are made of muscle
35
alveoli
minute air sacs lined with epithelium at the end of the bronchioles
36
give two features showing how squamous epithelium is ideally suited to allow gas exchange
very thin flat-large SA
37
why is it an advantage to slow the blood down in capillaries?
it allows more time for gas exchange
38
how are the lungs adapted to ensure rapid gas exchange in the alveoli?
- red blood cells slowed in capillaries - thin walls of alveoli and capillaries (short diffusion distance) - large SA of squamous epithelium and endothelium cells - breathing action maintains concentration gradient - blow flow maintains concentration gradient
39
Why is it important that macrophages are present in alveoli
to prevent infections from any other pathogens in the air
40
describe the stages in the diffusion of oxygen from the air space in the alveolus to the inside of the red blood cells
1. diffuses through alveolar space 2. dissolves into mucus 3. diffuses through alveolar epithelium 4. diffuses through capillary endothelium 5. diffuses through blood plasma 6. diffuses through spm of red blood cells
41
air is breathed in
inspiration
42
air is breathed out
expiration
43
breathing mechanisms
- contraction/ relaxation of the diaphragm - contraction/relaxation of the intercostal muscles
44
role of the diaphragm
exhalation- diaphragm relaxes and domes inhalation- diaphragm contracts and flattens
45
when the external intercostal muscles contract how does the rib cage move
up and out
46
when the internal intercostal muscles contact how does the rib cage move
down and in
47
inhalation
- diaphragm contracts and flattens - external instercostal muscles contract - ribs move up and out - volume of thoracic cavity increases - pressure in thoracic cavity decreases - air move in down the pressure gardient
48
exhalation
- diaphragm relaxes and domes - internal intercostal muscles contract - ribs move in and down - volume of thoracic cavity decreases - pressure in thoracic cavity increases - air moves out down the pressure gradient
49
pleurae
surround a cavity around the lungs which is filled with pleural fluid slid over one and othe while breathing
50
describe how oxygen in the air reaches capillaries surrounding alveoli in the lungs
- trachea and bronchi and bronchioles - down pressure gradient - down diffusion gradient - across alveolar epithelium - across capillary endothelium/ epithelium
51
what are the short term effects of exercise on breathing
increase in breathing rate increase in depth of breathing increase in oxygen consumption increase in carbon dioxide in expired air
52
what are the long term effects of regular exercise
more alveoli develop diaphragm muscle increases in size number of capillaries in lungs increase
53
pulmonary ventilation
tidal volume x breathing rate
54
why will the pulmonary ventilation increase with exercise
both the tidal volume and the breathing rate will increase
55
lung disease causes/ risk factors
smoking air pollution genetics infections occupation
56
asthma causes/ risk factors
air pollution exercise cold air infection anxiety stress
57
lung disease symptoms
shortness of breath chronic cough blue skin tone
58
asthma symptoms
breathing difficulty wheezing tight feeling in the chest coughing
59
asthma long term consequences/ treatments
inflames lining of airways causes epithelium to secrete more mucus causes fluid from capillaries to enter airways muscles contract and constrict airflow
60
fibrosis cause/ risk factors
unclear
61
fibrosis symptoms
shortness of breath chronic dry cough chest pain weakness and fatigue
62
fibrosis long term consequences/ treatments
scars make diffusion pathway longer reduces elasticity of lungs
63
tuberculosis cause/ risk factors
bacterias: mycobacterium tuberculosis or mycobacterium bovis
64
tuberculosis symptoms
coughing up damaged lung tissue and blood containing bacteria
65
tuberculosis consequences/ treatments
infection can spread and be fatal

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