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GEN BIO | 4th Quarter > Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Gas Exchange Flashcards

g-class study guide (104 cards)

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1
Q

also known as respiratory exchange or respiration

A

Gas Exchange

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2
Q

involves the uptake of molecular oxygen (O2) from the environment and the discharge of carbon dioxide
(CO2) to the environment in animals and plants (CO2 is taken in and O2 is released).

A

Gas Exchange

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3
Q

is abundant, making up about 21% of Earth’s atmosphere.

A

Oxygen in the air

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4
Q

is less dense and less viscous, making breathing easier and need not be efficient.

A

Air

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5
Q

is more demanding due to its lower O2 content,
greater density, and greater viscosity.

A

gas exchange with water

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6
Q

These animals require considerable energy to carry out gas exchange.

A

Aquatic animals

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7
Q

are always moist, and the movement of O2 and CO2 is entirely by diffusion.

A

Respiratory Surfaces

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8
Q

are suspended body surface outfoldings with a
larger surface area than the rest of the body.

A

Gills

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9
Q

A process of maintaining partial pressure gradients of O2 and CO2 across the gill.

A

Ventilation

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10
Q

move their gills through water or move water over their gills to promote ventilation.

A

Gill-bearing animals

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11
Q

consists of air tubes that branch throughout the body, with the largest tubes, called tracheae, opening to the outside.

A

Tracheal System

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12
Q

This system allows for the transport of O2 and CO2 within a short distance of every cell, without the need for the animal’s open circulatory system.

A

Tracheal System

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13
Q

Respiratory organs that facilitate efficient gas
exchange between the air and the bloodstream

A

Lungs

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14
Q

the respiratory surface of a lung is in
direct contact with all other parts of the body. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

False - not in direct contact.

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15
Q

transports gasses between the lungs and the rest of the body.

A

Circulatory system

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16
Q

leaf’s internal surface area may be _____________
larger than its external surface area.

A

10-30 time larger

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17
Q

enhances light absorption for photosynthesis.

A

Large surface area

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18
Q

aids in CO2 absorption during photosynthesis as well as in the release of O2

A

high surface-to-volume ratio

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19
Q

CO2 enters a honeycomb of airspaces formed by
the _____________________

A

Spongy mesophyll cells

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20
Q

balance water conservation with photosynthesis
by opening and closing stomata

A

Guard cells

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21
Q

When air enters the nostrils, filtered by hairs,
warmed, humidified, and sampled for odors

A

Nasal Cavity

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22
Q

an intersection where the paths for air and food cross.

A

Pharynx (throat)

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23
Q

How is food swallowed?

A

1.) The larynx moves upward
2.) Tips the epiglottis over the glottis allowing the food to go down the esophagus
3.) Esophagus to stomach

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24
Q

the upper part of the respiratory tract.

A

Larynx (Voice Box)

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25
the opening of the trachea, or windpipe
glottis
26
reinforcing the walls of both the larynx and the trachea keeps this part of the airway open.
Cartilage
27
Within the larynx of most mammals exhaled air rushes by a pair of elastic bands of muscle (vocal cords for human).
Vocal Folds
28
How sounds are produced
when muscles in the larynx are tensed, stretching the cords so they vibrate.
29
result from tightly stretched cords vibrating rapidly.
High-pitched sounds
30
come from less tense cords vibrating slowly.
low-pitched sounds
31
consists of two bronchi that each leads to lungs
TRACHEA BRANCHES
32
plays a crucial role in cleansing the respiratory system
mucus escalator
33
where gas exchange in mammals occurs
alveoli
34
serves as the entry point for air into the respiratory system.
nasal cavity
35
It warms, humidifies, and filters the air before it reaches the lungs.
Nasal Cavity
36
which prevents food from entering the airway during swallowing.
epiglottis
37
carries air from the larynx to the bronchi. It is lined with cilia and mucus to trap particles and move them out of the respiratory tract.
Trachea
38
allows air to reach all parts of the lungs.
Bronchial Tree
39
further divide into alveolar ducts and alveoli.
bronchioles
40
the first branches of the trachea that lead into the lungs.
Primary Bronchus
41
These are smaller branches of the bronchial tree that lead into the alveolar ducts.
Respiratory Bronchiole
42
These are thin tubes that connect the respiratory bronchioles to the alveolar sacs
Alveolar Duct
43
These are clusters of alveoli where gas exchange occurs between the air in the lungs and the blood in the capillaries.
Alveolar Sac
44
tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs.
Alveoli
45
These are small blood vessels that surround the alveoli.
Capillary
46
They facilitate the exchange of gases between the blood and the air in the lungs.
Capillary
47
These are small veins that carry oxygen-depleted blood from the capillaries surrounding the alveoli back to the heart.
Pulmonary Venue
48
These are small arteries that carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the capillaries surrounding the alveoli.
Pulmonary Arteriole
49
The diaphragm and intercostal muscles play a crucial role in breathing.
Diaphragm and Intercostal Muscles
50
Breathing is regulated by the respiratory center in the brainstem, which responds to changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood.
Respiratory Control
51
Lung Diseases Affecting the Airway
* ASTHMA * CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) * EMPHYSEMA * CHRONIC BRONCHITIS * ACUTE BRONCHITIS * CYSTIC FIBROSIS
52
A chronic inflammatory illness that obstructs or narrows the airways due to mucus buildup or inflammation.
Asthma
53
Shortness of breath, chest tightness, wheezing, and a dry cough are among the symptoms
Asthma
54
An umbrella term for a number of respiratory conditions that result in dyspnea, or the inability to exhale normally.
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)
55
Symptoms include shortness of breath and coughing up sputum (mucus from lungs).
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)
56
Two Types of COPD
Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis
57
Occurs when the small air sacs in the lungs lose elasticity and become damaged, reducing the lungs' ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream.
Emphysema
58
This condition can result in low blood oxygen levels (hypoxia) and the accumulation of harmful waste products.
Emphysema
59
This form of COPD brings a long-term wet cough.
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
60
Characterized by inflammation and irritation of the bronchial tubes, leading to breathing difficulties and excessive mucus production.
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
61
This sudden infection of your airways is usually caused by a virus.
ACUTE BRONCHITIS
62
Inflammation causes increased mucus production.
ACUTE BRONCHITIS
63
Windpipe (bronchial tube) gets irritated or inflamed.
ACUTE BRONCHITIS
64
A genetic respiratory disease caused by a defective gene that creates thick and sticky mucus that clogs up tubes and passageways.
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
65
Lung Diseases Affecting the Air Sacs (Alveoli)
* PNEUMONIA * TUBERCULOSIS * EMPHYSEMA * PULMONARY EDEMA * LUNG CANCER * ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (ARDS) * PNEUMONOCONIOSIS
66
An infection of your alveoli, usually by bacteria or viruses, including the coronavirus that causes COVID-19.
PNEUMONIA
67
Symptoms, which include cough, fever, shaking chills and shortness of breath, can range from mild to severe.
PNEUMONIA
68
Pneumonia that slowly gets worse.
TUBERCULOSIS
69
Caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
TUBERCULOSIS
70
spreads through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or sings, releasing tiny droplets containing the bacteria.
TUBERCULOSIS
71
Stages of Tuberculosis
◆ Primary Tuberculosis Infection ◆ Latent Tuberculosis Infection ◆ Active Tuberculosis Infection
72
The first stage of a tuberculosis infection.
Primary Tuberculosis Infection
73
In this stage, TB pathogens are present, however, they are being suppressed by the immune system.
Latent Tuberculosis Infection
74
Happens when the immune system cannot suppress the infection anymore.
Active Tuberculosis Infection
75
Happens when the fragile links between alveoli are damaged.
EMPHYSEMA
76
A condition caused by too much fluid in the lungs.
PULMONARY EDEMA
77
Fluid leaks out of the small blood vessels of your lung into the air sacs and the area around them.
PULMONARY EDEMA
78
Abnormal growth of cells in the lungs.
LUNG CANCER
79
It most often happens in the main part of your lung, in or near the air sacs
LUNG CANCER
80
severe lung condition characterized by widespread inflammation in the lungs, leading to fluid accumulation in the air sacs (alveoli).
ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (ARDS)
81
Causes low blood oxygen.
ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (ARDS)
82
Any lung disease caused by the inhalation of organic or nonorganic airborne dust and fibers.
PNEUMONOCONIOSIS
83
Lung Diseases Affecting the Interstitium
* INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE *Pneumonia or pulmonary edema
84
An umbrella term used for a large group of diseases that cause scarring (fibrosis) of the lungs.
INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE
85
The scarring causes stiffness in the lungs which makes it difficult to breathe and get oxygen to the bloodstream.
INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE
86
can also affect the interstitium.
Pneumonia or pulmonary edema
87
Lung Diseases Affecting Blood Vessels
* PULMONARY EMBOLISM * PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
88
A sudden blockage in your pulmonary arteries, the blood vessels that send blood to your lungs.
PULMONARY EMBOLISM
89
A blood clot (usually in a deep leg vein, called deep vein thrombosis) breaks off, travels to your heart, and gets pumped into your lungs.
PULMONARY EMBOLISM
90
A condition that affects the blood vessels in the lungs.
PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
91
It develops when the blood pressure in your lungs is higher than normal.
PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
92
makes the heart work harder than normal to pump blood into the lungs.
PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
93
Lung Diseases Affecting the Pleura
* PLEURAL EFFUSION * PNEUMOTHORAX * MESOTHELIOMA
94
A collection of fluid between the lung and the chest wall in what’s called the pleural space.
PLEURAL EFFUSION
95
A collection of air outside the lung but within the pleural cavity.
PNEUMOTHORAX
96
Air may get into the space between your chest wall and the lung, collapsing the lung.
PNEUMOTHORAX
97
This is a rare form of cancer that forms on the pleura.
MESOTHELIOMA
98
a tends to happen several decades after you come into contact with asbestos
MESOTHELIOMA
99
Lung Diseases Affecting the Chest Wall
* OBESITY HYPOVENTILATION SYNDROME
100
A respiratory consequence of morbid obesity that is characterized by alveolar hypoventilation during sleep and wakefulness.
OBESITY HYPOVENTILATION SYNDROME
101
Other Lung Disease
INFLUENZA (FLU)
102
is caused by germs or viruses that infect the nose, throat and lungs.
INFLUENZA (FLU)
103
These germs or viruses spread when people with flu cough, sneeze or talk, sending tiny droplets (small water balls) with the virus into the air.
INFLUENZA (FLU)
104
There is no cure for ________. The body takes care of the virus.

GEN BIO | 4th Quarter (5 decks)

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