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Gas exchange Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

Why do organisms need to exchange substances?

A

To take in raw materials
To dispose of waste products

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2
Q

What is metabolic rate?

A

The speed of all chemical reactions in an organism e.g. respiration

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3
Q

What is the best feature to improve efficiency of an exchange surface?

A

The exchange surface must be large compared to the organisms volume

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4
Q

What are features of a good exchange surface?

A
  • Good blood supply
  • Short diffusion distance
  • Increased surface area
  • Selective / partially permeable membrane
  • Steep concentration gradient
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5
Q

What are the consequences of a thin exchange surface?

A

It can be easily damaged
It’s often located inside the organism

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6
Q

How do you calculate the rate of diffusion?

A

surface area × steepness of concentration gradient / length of diffusion pathway

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7
Q

What do mammals have to maintain a high core body temperature?

A

A high metabolic and respitory rate

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8
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

A common passage for food and air

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9
Q

What two tubes extend down from the pharynx?

A

The oesophagus and the trachea

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10
Q

What is the larynx

A

The voice box

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11
Q

How is an open passageway for air maintained in the trachea?

A

By a series of cartilage rings that prevent the trachea wall from collapsing

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12
Q

What is the inner surface of the trachea lined with?

A

Cilia

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13
Q

What does cilia in the trachea do?

A

It prevents the entry of small foreign bodies and moves them to the pharynx to be swallowed

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14
Q

What is ventilation?

A

The constant movement of air in and out of the lungs

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15
Q

What is the process of inspiration?

A

-The external intercostal muscles contract and the internal intercostal muscles relax
- The ribs expand and the diaphragm contracts and flattens
- The pressure in the lungs decreases as the thorax volume increases and air is forced in

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16
Q

What is the process of expiration?

A
  • The internal intercostal muscles contract and the external intercostal muscles relax
  • The rib cage moves downwards and inwards and the diaphragm relaxes and rises
  • The pressure in the lungs increases, as the thorax volume decreases and air is forced out
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17
Q

What is the main cause of air being forced out during regular breathing?

A

The recoil of elastic tissues in the lungs

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18
Q

When do various muscles in the lungs play a part in breathing?

A

Under much more strenuous conditions

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19
Q

What is the pulmonary ventilation rate?

A

The total volume of air that is moved into your lungs in a one minute period

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20
Q

How do you calculate the pulmonary ventilation rate?

A

tidal volume × ventilation

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21
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The volume of air normally taken in at each breath when at rest

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22
Q

What is ventilation?

A

The number of breaths taken in a one minute period

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23
Q

What are some examples of single celled organisms?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Bacteria
  • Diatom
  • Paramecium
  • Yeast
24
Q

Why don’t single celled organisms need a gas exchange system?

Study These Flashcards
A

They have a very large SA:V and all gases are absorbed and released by diffusion through their cell membrane

25
What is a problem with gas exchange in insects?
Their high SA:V increases evaporation of water, creating issues conserving water
26
How do insects reduce water loss?
They have a hard, waterproof exoskeleton
27
Why do insects need an internal gaseous exchange system?
Because of their hard, waterproof exoskeleton, gas exchange can't happen across the skeletal surface
28
What is the structure of insects' internal gad exchange system?
An internal network of tubes called tracheae divide into smaller tubes known as tracheoles that end in spiracles - pores for gases to exchange in and out. The tracheae are supported by strengthened rings made of chitin to prevent them from collapsing and the spiracles are able to open and close to increase / decrease gas exchange (they open to allow gas exchange and close to decrease water loss)
29
What are the three ways that gases move in and out of insects?
Along a diffusion gradient Mass transport Ends of tracheoles filled with water
30
What is the process of anaerobic respiration in insects?
- Soluble lactate is produced during anaerobic respiration which lowers the water potential of the muscle cells - Water will move into the cells via osmosis from the tracheoles - This decrease of water in the tracheoles draws air into the end of the tracheoles, allowing gaseous diffusion rather than liquid diffusion as it's faster - However, this does cause the insect to lose a lot of water
31
What happens in an insects' respitory system when the concentration of oxygen becomes too low?
- The spiracle open and this causes oxygen to enter as it's moving down a concentration gradient - The concentration of carbon dioxide decreases when the spiracles open, moving down a concentration gradient and diffusing out of the insect
32
What is the process of mass transport / ventilation in an insect?
- Insects beat their abdomen in and out by squeezing the muscles around it - This squeezes the trachea, enabling the mass movement of air in and out - This speeds up the exchange of gases by maintaining a steep concentration gradient
33
What is the process of ventilation in a fish?
- The fish opens its mouth and lowers its buccal floor, increasing the volume in the mouth and so decreasing the pressure - Water rushes in and the fish closes its mouth and raises its buccal floor - This decreases the volume and so increases the pressure in the mouth - Water is forced over the gills and out of the operculum so gas exchange can happen in the gills
34
What is the operculum?
The part of a fish that covers the gills
35
What is the counter current flow in a fish?
- Blood thay already has some oxygen in it meets water, which has its maximum concentration of oxygen and diffusion of oxygen from the water to the blood takes place - Blood with little oxygen in it meets water which has had most, but not all, of its oxygen removed so again, diffusion of oxygen from water to the blood can take place
36
Compare parallel and counter flow
Parallel - a diffusion gradient is maintained for only half the distance across the gill lamellae. Only 50% of the oxygen from the water diffuses into the blood Counter current - a diffusion gradient is maintained all the way across the gill lamellae. Almost all of the oxygen from the water diffuses into the blood
37
What is a dicotyledonous?
Any member of the flowering plants thay has a pair of leaves, or cotyledons, in the embryo of the seed
38
How does the stomata open?
When water moves into the guard cell by osmosis, the cell becomes turgid, causing the thin outer walls to expand and pulls the thick inner walls, causing them to bend, opening the stomata
39
What is a xerophlyte?
A plant that has a restricted supply of water e.g. if it lives in a desert region
40
What are adaptations of plants to conserve as much water as possible?
- A thick cuticle - Rolling up their leaves - Having hairy leaves - Having the stomata in pits or grooves - Leaves having a small SA:V - Storing water in stems / leaves
41
What is digestion?
The hydrolysis of large biological molecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed across cell membranes
42
What is the alimentary canal?
The passage from the mouth to the anus
43
What is the cardiac sphincter?
The muscle between oesophagus and stomach that prevents backflow
44
What is the duodenum?
The first part of your small intestine that food passes through
45
What does amylase break down, what bonds are broken and what is the product?
- Starch - Glycosidic bonds - Glucose
46
Where is amylase produced?
Salivary glands The pancreas
47
What does disaccharidase break down, what bonds are broken and what are the products?
- Maltose - Glycosidic bonds - Glucose
48
Where are disaccharidase produced?
In the ileum
49
What does lipase breakdown, what bonds are broken and what are the products?
- Triglycerides - Ester bonds - Fatty acids and monoglycerides
50
Where are lipase produced?
In the pancreas
51
What do peptidase break down, what bonds are broken and what are the products?
- Protein - Peptide bonds - Dipeptides and amino acids
52
Where are peptidase produced?
In the ileum
53
What do dipeptidase break down, what bonds are broken and what are the products?
- Dipeptides - Peptide bonds - Amino acids
54
Where are dipeptidase produced?
In the ileum
55
What is the process of cotransport with a sodium potassium pump?
- The sodium potassium pump moves sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell - There is therefore a high concentration of sodium ions outside the cell which will diffuse back in - At the same time that the sodium diffuses back into the cell, it couples with glucose which is carried with the sodium - This is an indirect form of active transport as glucose is being transported against its concentration gradient
56
What is the process of lipid absorption?
- Bile salts, produced by the liver, emulsify lipids into small droplets - This increases the surface area and makes it easier for lipase to hydrolyse it, producing monoglycerides and fatty acids - These monoglycerides and fatty acids stick with the bile salts to form micelles - Micelles help the products of lipid digestion to be absorbed
57
What are chylomiorons?
Large lipoprotein particles that transport dietary fat and cholesterol to the liver and peripheral tissues

Biology (6 decks)

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