Gas laws, histology, URT anatomy

Question 1

Define inspiratory reserve volume.

Answer 1

Extra volume that can be breathed in over that at rest

Question 2

What term is used to define the volume breathed in and out with each breath during quiet respiration?

Answer 2

Tidal volume

Question 3

What term is used to describe the extra volume that can be breathed in over that at rest?

Answer 3

Inspiratory reserve volume.

Question 4

Define expiratory reserve volume.

Answer 4

Extra volume that can be breathed out over that at rest.

Question 5

What term is used to describe extra volume that can be breathed out over that at rest?

Answer 5

Expiratory reserve volume

Question 6

What is partial pressure of a gas proportional to?

Answer 6

The partial pressure of gas is proportional to the percentage volume of that gas in the mixture.

Question 7

What is Boyle’s law?

Answer 7

Pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to volume provided temperature and the amount of gas remains constant in a closed system.

Question 8

Explain how Boyle’s law is applied to pressure and volume in the lungs during breathing.

Answer 8

• during inspiration, volume of lungs increases
• pressure decreases to that below atmospheric pressure
• air flows into lungs
  And vice versa during expiration

Question 9

What is Charles’ law?

Answer 9

Pressure is directly proportional to temperature.

Question 10

Explain Charles law.

Answer 10

Increase in temperature –> increase in kinetic energy of molecules –> pressure increases

Question 11

What do water molecules entering a gas phase exert?

Answer 11

Saturated vapour pressure

Question 12

What is saturated vapour pressure?

Answer 12

The partial pressure exerted by water molecules entering a gas phase.

Question 13

Where in the Body is inhaled air saturated with water vapour?

Answer 13

In the nose

Question 14

Solubility X tension =?

Answer 14

Amount of dissolved gas

Question 15

What two components make up the total amount of gas in a liquid?

Answer 15

Reacted gas and dissolved gas

Question 16

How does oxygen chemically react in plasma?

Answer 16

It doesn’t.

Question 17

What is the solubility coefficient of oxygen in plasma?

Answer 17

0.01 mmol/l kPa

Question 18

Does pulmonary circulation have high or low resistance?

Answer 18

Low resistance

Question 19

Which airway take part in gas exchange?

Answer 19

Airways distal to the terminal bronchioles

Question 20

Define the upper respiratory tract.

Answer 20

Part of the respiratory tract which is above the lower border of the cricoid cartilage and comprises of nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx and larynx.

Question 21

What is the extent of the nasal cavity?

Answer 21

Extends from nostrils to posterior nares

Question 22

What type of epithelium lines the nasal cavity?

Answer 22

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated

Question 23

Give the two main functions of conchae in the nose.

Answer 23

1. Present large surface area for warming and humidification.
2. Turbulence slows down air flow, increasing time available for warming and humidification.

Question 24

What are the three main effects on air going through the nasal cavity?

Answer 24

Warmed, humidified and filtered.

Question 25

Explain three structural attributes of the nasal cavity and their beneficial functions to inhaled air.

Answer 25

1. Vascular mucosa - helps warm air 2. Watery nasal secretions - help warm and humidify air 3. Mucous and cilia - trap and transport particles

Question 26

Name the four paranasal sinuses.

Answer 26

Ethmoid, maxillary, frontal and sphenoid

Question 27

Which paranasal sinus does not open into the middle meatus?

Answer 27

Sphenoid sinus

Question 28

Where does the sphenoid sinus open into?

Answer 28

Superior meatus

Question 29

What are the three parts of the pharynx? Define their anatomical positions.

Answer 29

Nasopharynx - above level of soft palate oropharynx - between soft palate and tip of epiglottis laryngopharynx - between tip of epiglottis and lower border of cricoid cartilage

Question 30

What is the purpose of the Eustachian tube?

Answer 30

Allows air pressure in the middle ear cavity to be equalised to atmospheric pressure

Question 31

What does the Eustachian tube connect?

Answer 31

Nasal cavity to middle ear cavity

Question 32

What forms the cartilaginous skeleton of the larynx?

Answer 32

Three unpaired cartilages - epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage Paired arytenoid cartilage

Question 33

During what motions are the vocal cords open?

Answer 33

Respiration, latter part of cough reflex

Question 34

During what motions are the vocal cords closed?

Answer 34

Swallowing, initial part of cough reflex, partially closed during speech

Question 35

What is the term for the aperture between the two vocal cords?

Answer 35

Rima glottides

Question 36

Which lie more medially - the false or true vocal cords?

Answer 36

True vocal cords

Question 37

Which muscles move the vocal cords?

Answer 37

Intrinsic muscles of the larynx

Question 38

Which nerve supplies all the intrinsic laryngeal muscles apart from the cricothyroid muscle?

Answer 38

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 39

Why can a hoarse voice be indicative of an intrathoracic problem?

Answer 39

Damage to left recurrent laryngeal nerve can cause paralysis of the vocal cords which causes a hoarse voice

Question 40

Describe the course of the right recurrent laryngeal nerve

Answer 40

Curves around subclavian artery

Question 41

Describe the course of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve

Answer 41

Curves around aortic arch before coursing back up

Question 42

Which eight anatomical structures make up the conducting portion of the respiratory tract?

Answer 42

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

Question 43

What three anatomical structures make up the respiratory portion of the respiratory tract?

Answer 43

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

Question 44

At which point in the respiratory tract do you no longer find goblet cells?

Answer 44

Beginning of bronchioles

Question 45

Where in the respiratory tract does epithelium change from Pseudostratified to simple columnar?

Answer 45

Beginning of bronchioles

Question 46

What portion of the respiratory tract does not contain Clara cells?

Answer 46

Nasal cavity to secondary bronchi

Question 47

What part of the respiratory tract has squamous epithelium?

Answer 47

Alveoli

Question 48

Is cilia found throughout the respiratory tract?

Answer 48

Yes, however distally from the respiratory bronchioles it becomes sparse.

Question 49

Why is the right bronchus more vertical than the left?

Answer 49

As the heart lies on the left side, makes the bronchus more horizontal.

Question 50

What is a structural difference between trachea and primary bronchi?

Answer 50

In primary bronchi, cartilage rings and smooth muscle encircle the whole lumen unlike trachea

Question 51

How does the cartilage change from primary to secondary bronchi?

Answer 51

Rather than rings, it forms crescent plates or islands

Question 52

Why are goblet cells not found distal to bronchioles?

Answer 52

To prevent an individual 'drowning' in their own mucus

Question 53

What helps to keep the bronchioles lumen open?

Answer 53

Surrounding alveoli

Question 54

What is located in the posterior superior region of each nasal fossa?

Answer 54

Olfactory regions - thick epithelium with no goblet cells and with olfactory cells

Question 55

Describe an olfactory cell.

Answer 55

Bipolar neurons with one dendrite that extends to the surface to form a swelling from which non motile cilia extend to increase surface area and respond to odours.

Question 56

What is the purpose of serous glands in the olfactory region? What are the serous glands called?

Answer 56

Bowmans glands - flush odorants from epithelial surface

Question 57

What is the epithelium on vocal cords?

Answer 57

Stratified squamous

Question 58

What are the two components of a vocal cord?

Answer 58

Vocal ligament and vocalis muscle

Question 59

What is the function of the substance secreted from Clara cells?

Answer 59

Prevent walls sticking together during respiration - surfactant lipoprotein.

Question 60

What is the protein secreted by Clara cells?

Answer 60

CC16 - Clara cell protein

Question 61

What is indicated by high levels of CC16 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or serum?

Answer 61

Lavage - lung damage | Serum - leakage across air/blood barrier

Question 62

Which pneumocyte is most abundant in alveoli?

Answer 62

Type 1 pneumocyte (squamous)

Question 63

What is the purpose of the type 1 pneumocyte?

Answer 63

Permits gas exchange

Question 64

What is the purpose of type 2 pneumocyte?

Answer 64

Secretes surfactant

Question 65

Define tidal volume.

Answer 65

Volume breathed in and out with each breath during quiet respiration.