Gaseous Exchange Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
What is the process of moving air in and out of the lungs called?
A
Breathing
2
Q
What is the movement of gases across a respiratory surface known as?
A
Gaseous exchange
3
Q
What is cellular respiration?
A
The release of energy from food when it is broken down in the mitochondria
4
Q
Why is oxygen important for respiration?
A
It is needed for the oxidation of food to produce energy
5
Q
What happens to carbon dioxide when it mixes with water?
A
It becomes carbonic acid
6
Q
How does an increase in carbonic acid affect the body’s pH?
A
It lowers the body’s pH
7
Q
What is one requirement of a gaseous exchange surface area?
A
Large surface area
8
Q
What is another requirement of a gaseous exchange surface area?
A
Thin surface
9
Q
What is a third requirement of a gaseous exchange surface area?
A
Moist surface
10
Q
What is the function of the nose in respiration?
A
To provide adequate ventilation and protection for cells
11
Q
What do the nasal passages do to the air before it reaches the lungs?
A
Moisten, filter, and warm the air
12
Q
What do the hairs in the nostrils prevent?
A
Foreign particles from entering
13
Q
What is the role of the mucous membrane in the air passages?
A
It secretes mucus and contains cilia to collect dust, bacteria, and air particles
14
Q
What is the sticky fluid secreted by the mucous membrane called?
A
Mucus
15
Q
What does the term ‘mucous’ refer to?
A
It is an adjective describing the membrane
16
Q
What is found under the mucous membrane in the nasal passages?
A
A large number of capillaries
17
Q
What is the function of the blood within the capillaries in the nose?
A
To help warm the air as it passes through the nose
18
Q
A
19
Q
A
20
Q
What is the pharynx commonly referred to as?
A
Throat
21
Q
What is the larynx also known as?
A
Voice box
22
Q
What type of tissue mainly constructs the larynx?
A
Cartilage
23
Q
What are the two pairs of membranes stretched across the inside of the larynx called?
A
Vocal chords
24
Q
What happens to the vocal chords when air is expired?
A
They vibrate
25
What prevents food and liquids from entering the larynx?
Epiglottis
26
What is the trachea commonly known as?
Windpipe
27
What is the approximate length of the trachea?
12 cm
28
What is the approximate width of the trachea?
2.5 cm
29
What keeps the trachea open?
Cartilage rings
30
What lines the trachea?
Ciliated mucous membrane
31
What do the cilia in the trachea do?
Move mucus and trapped foreign matter to the pharynx
32
What are the two tubes called that the trachea divides into?
Bronchi
33
What type of cells line the bronchi?
Ciliated cells
34
What do the bronchi enter?
Lungs
35
What is the structure that the bronchial tubes eventually form?
Bronchioles
36
What are the tiny air chambers at the end of bronchioles called?
Alveoli
37
What do the walls of the alveoli allow for?
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
38
What surrounds the alveoli?
Capillaries
39
Fill in the blank: The walls of the alveoli are about ______ thick.
One cell
40
True or False: The epiglottis allows food and liquids to enter the larynx.
False
41
What is the shape of the alveoli compared to?
A bunch of grapes
42
43
How many lungs are there in the human body?
Two
44
What surrounds the lungs?
Twelve pairs of ribs
45
What is located in the space between the two lungs?
The heart
46
What type of organs are the lungs?
Spongy, elastic
47
What color are the lungs?
Pinkish-red
48
What surrounds the lungs?
A double membrane called the pleura
49
What is the function of the fluid between the pleura membranes?
Prevents friction and pain during breathing
50
How many lobes does the right lung have?
Three lobes
51
How many lobes does the left lung have?
Two lobes
52
Which lung is wider?
The right lung
53
Why is the right lung shorter than the left lung?
The liver pushes up the diaphragm on the right side
54
What is the diaphragm?
A sheet of muscle that separates the thorax from the abdomen
55
Fill in the blank: The lungs are surrounded by a double membrane called the _______.
pleura
56
True or False: The left lung has three lobes.
False
57
What is the primary function of the intercostal muscles?
Assist in breathing by expanding and contracting the rib cage
58
What is the main role of the lungs in the respiratory system?
Facilitate gas exchange
59
60
What do each living cell in your body need for cellular respiration?
Oxygen
## Footnote
Each cell requires oxygen to produce energy through cellular respiration.
61
What waste product needs to be removed from each cell?
Carbon dioxide
## Footnote
Carbon dioxide is a byproduct of cellular respiration that must be expelled from the body.
62
What is the first step in the pathway of gases from the air outside to each cell?
Ventilation of the lungs
## Footnote
This process involves the movement of air into and out of the lungs.
63
What is the second step in the pathway of gases after ventilation?
Gaseous exchange in the alveoli
## Footnote
This occurs in the alveoli, where oxygen is absorbed into the blood and carbon dioxide is released.
64
What is the third step in the gas exchange pathway?
Internal transport of gases
## Footnote
This involves the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the bloodstream.
65
What is the final step in the gas exchange pathway?
Gaseous exchange in the cells
## Footnote
This is where oxygen is used in cellular respiration, and carbon dioxide is produced.
66
67
What is the role of intercostal muscles during inhalation?
Intercostal muscles contract, causing the ribs to move up and out.
68
What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?
The diaphragm contracts and becomes flatter.
69
What occurs to the volume of the chest cavity during inhalation?
The volume of the chest cavity increases.
70
What is the result of the pressure change in the chest cavity during inhalation?
Pressure inside the sealed cavity decreases.
71
What is the process of air movement into the lungs called?
Inhalation.
72
List the steps involved in exhalation.
* Intercostal muscles relax, ribs move down and in
* Diaphragm relaxes, becomes dome-shaped
* Volume of chest cavity decreases
* Air pressure inside cavity increases
* Air is forced out of the lungs.
73
What is tidal air?
Air that flows in and out of the lungs during breathing.
74
What is residual volume?
Air that remains behind at the end of the bronchioles and alveoli.
75
What is the diffusion gradient for oxygen between the alveolus and blood?
Partial pressure of oxygen in the alveolus is 104 mm Hg and in the blood vessels is 40 mm Hg.
76
What happens to oxygen in the blood after it diffuses from the alveolus?
Oxygen dissolves in plasma or bonds with hemoglobin in erythrocytes to form oxyhemoglobin.
77
What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood capillaries surrounding the alveoli?
45 mm Hg.
78
What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli?
40 mm Hg.
79
What is the role of the alveoli in gaseous exchange?
Alveoli provide a large surface area, are well-ventilated, and are richly supplied with blood vessels.
80
Fill in the blank: The rib cage and its muscles can slide freely over the lungs due to the thin layer of fluid inside the _______.
pleural membrane.
81
True or False: Tidal air can move into the alveoli.
False.
82
What helps maintain a concentration gradient in the alveoli?
They are well-ventilated.
83
What prevents the alveoli from drying out?
They are permanently moist.
84
What is the shape of the diaphragm at rest?
Dome-shaped.
85
Describe the function of alveoli in gas exchange.
Alveoli facilitate the quick diffusion of gases due to their thin walls and large surface area.
86
87
What is the primary component of blood that carries oxygen?
Erythrocytes
## Footnote
Erythrocytes are specialized cells that contain haemoglobin.
88
How is oxygen transported in the blood?
Dissolved in plasma or as oxyhaemoglobin
## Footnote
Oxyhaemoglobin is formed when oxygen bonds with haemoglobin.
89
What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in blood capillaries compared to the alveoli?
45 mm Hg in capillaries, 40 mm Hg in alveoli
## Footnote
This difference in partial pressure facilitates diffusion.
90
What process allows carbon dioxide to move from blood capillaries to the alveoli?
Diffusion
## Footnote
Carbon dioxide moves following the concentration gradient.
91
What three ways can carbon dioxide be transported in the blood?
* As bicarbonate ions dissolved in plasma
* Combined with haemoglobin as carbaminohaemoglobin
* Dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood corpuscles
## Footnote
Approximately 60% of CO2 is transported as bicarbonate ions.
92
What happens to oxyhaemoglobin in tissues with low oxygen levels?
It breaks down into oxygen and haemoglobin
## Footnote
The released oxygen is then used by the cells.
93
What is the color change of blood as it loses oxygen?
Darker in color
## Footnote
This is due to the loss of oxygen from oxyhaemoglobin.
94
What is the chemical reaction when water combines with carbon dioxide?
Forms carbonic acid
## Footnote
Carbonic acid can dissociate to form bicarbonate ions.
95
What maintains the concentration gradient for gas exchange in cells?
High partial pressure of O2 and low partial pressure of CO2 in arriving blood
## Footnote
This encourages efficient diffusion of gases.
96
What is the effect of acidosis in tissue fluid on oxygen release?
Encourages oxygen to break its bond with haemoglobin
## Footnote
This process helps deliver oxygen where it is needed.
97
Fill in the blank: Carbon dioxide is mostly transported in the blood as _______.
Bicarbonate ions
## Footnote
About 60% of CO2 is transported in this form.
98
