Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 3 End Semester > Gastro 2 > Flashcards

Gastro 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The two main types of Oesophageal cancer are……

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

Adenocarcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe squamous cell carcinoma…

A

Cancer of the epithelial cells, upper oesophagus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Adenocarcinoma?

A

Cancer of epithelial cells of the glands, lower oesophagus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Oesophageal cancer has a high mortality rate compared to incidence, and can metastasise rapidly.
True or False?
Why?

A

True.

Because there is no serosa around the oesophagus, so the cancer invades local lymph tissue easily.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

GORD can result in cell type change which can lead to Adenocarcinoma.
True or False?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What factors increase the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus?

A

Age
Alcohol
Smoking
Possibly even drinks that are too hot.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Adenocarcinoma is associated with a condition called ………… , Where chronic irritation of the oesophageal mucosal lining occurs.

A

GORD. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What occurs in ‘Barrett’s Oesophagus’?

A

Normal squamous cell lining is replaced with columnar cells (like in stomach), which is a pre-malignant mucosal change, Adenocarcinoma becomes higher risk.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The change from squamous cells to columnar cells in the oesophagus is also known as…….

A

Metaplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When cells change from squamous to columnar in patients with GORD, it IS possible for the cells to revert back to normal.
True or False?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Clinical features of oesophageal cancer include…….

A

Dysphagia
Heart burn
Weight loss
Bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Treatment for oesophageal cancer includes…..

A

Oesophagectomy is most common
Radiation
Chemo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Microvilli is otherwise known as……

What happens here?

A

Brush border.

Enzymes break down carbs, proteins and fats.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Digestion requires……….

A

Pancreatic enzymes
Bile from liver
Enzymes within epithelial cells of mucosa.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Malabsorption syndromes describes the inability to…….

A

Absorb nutrients from the small intestine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Malabsorption syndromes occur due to impaired digestion. List reasons why impaired digestion may occur.

A

Lack of enzymes, eg. Lactose intolerance.
Pancreatic cancer
Cystic fibrosis
Surgical resection following small intestine cancer.
Lack of bile salts, eg. Liver cirrhosis, gall stones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Malabsorption syndromes can occur through impaired mucosal function. Why might this happen?

A

Damage to small intestine due to coeliac disease or chemotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does coeliac disease relate to malabsorption?

A

Gluten flattens the villi; loss of villi means loss of surface area to absorb nutrients.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why does cystic fibrosis cause malabsorption?

A

Because thick mucus blocks the ducts of the glands, enzymes get ‘stuck’ in the ducts and are not released for digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Clinical features of malabsorption syndromes include…..

A

Diarrhoea
Steatorrhoea
Abdominal distension (bloating, farts!)
Weight loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is steatorrhoea?

A

Fat in the stool due to poor fat absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Reduced absorption of Iron, B12 and folate, and calcium can lead to………

A

Anaemia

Osteoporosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the main role of the large intestine?

A

To reabsorb water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Chronic inflammatory bowel disease describes ………. And ……….

A

Crohn’s disease, And

Ulcerative colitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Chronic abnormal immune and inflammatory responses result in inflammation and ulceration of the wall of the intestine….. What is this describing?

A

Chronic inflammatory bowel disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What complications can occur from chronic inflammatory bowel disease?

A

Damage to intestinal mucosa and reduced absorption of nutrients can occur.
Leading to malnutrition, vitamin and nutrient deficiencies and steatorrhoea.

27
Q

Crohn’s disease involves the small AND large intestine and involves all 4 layers of intestinal wall.
True or false?

A

True

28
Q

Ulcerative colitis involves only the mucosal layer of the intestine.
True or false?

A

True

29
Q

Which parts of the large intestine are mainly affected by ulcerative colitis?

A

Sigmoid colon

Rectum

30
Q

Does malabsorption occur in ulcerative colitis?

A

No. Very rare.

31
Q

Does malabsorption occur in Crohn’s disease?

A

Yes.

32
Q

Skip lesions occur in Crohn’s disease but not in ulcerative colitis.
True or false?

A

True

33
Q

What is haematochezia?

A

Red blood in stool due to bleeding from the lower GI tract.

34
Q

Clinical features of chronic inflammatory bowel disease include…..

A

Abdominal pain, cramping.
Haematochezia
Diarrhoea
Weight loss

35
Q

Treatment for chronic inflammatory bowel disease includes…..

A

Modify diet
Reduce stress
Anti-inflammatory drugs

36
Q

Surgical resection of the large intestine is possible for ulcerative colitis, but not Crohn’s disease.
True or false

A

True

37
Q

Changes to the structure of the GIT can be seen in irritable bowel syndrome.
True or false?

A

False.

No apparent changes are present.

38
Q

Irritable bowel syndrome is related to what 3 contributing factors?

A

Psychological stressors
Diet
Abnormal gut motility

39
Q

Pain and discomfort, change in stool form and frequency, and discomfort that improves after defecation need to occur ….. days over …. months for irritable bowel syndrome to be diagnosed.

A

3

3

40
Q

Diarrhoea and/or constipation
Chronic abdominal pain
And bloating are clinical features of what condition?

A

Irritable bowel syndrome.

41
Q

There is a cure for irritable bowel syndrome.

True or false?

A

False.

Treatment must be individualised

42
Q

Colorectal cancer usually occurs from ……….. of the colon.

A

Adenocarcinoma

43
Q

How does colorectal cancer usually develop?

A

From benign polyps

44
Q

Adenomatous polyps are malignant.

True or false?

A

False

They are benign

45
Q

List risk factors for colorectal cancer.

A

Age over 50
Family history of polyps or colorectal cancer
Genetic syndrome
Inflammatory bowel disease

46
Q

Can lifestyle factors contribute towards colorectal cancer?

What might they be?

A 
Physical inactivity
Low fruit and veg intake
Low fibre and high salt diet
Obesity
Alcohol consumption
Smoking
47
Q

Do adenomatous polyps arise from all layers of the colon or just the mucosal layer?

A

Mucosal layer only. They can be removed by colonoscopy before they have the opportunity to grow and spread within the layers of the colon

48
Q

Once adenoma spreads to the ……….. layer, it becomes an …………… which is a ……… tumour.

A

Submucosal
Adenocarcinoma
Malignant

49
Q

What can occur when adenoma spreads to the submucosal layer of the colon?

A

Metastasis

Difficulty in treating

50
Q

Stage I colorectal cancer is limited to the ……… and …………..
What is the 5 year survival rate?

A

Mucosa and submucosa

90%

51
Q

Stage II colorectal cancer has spread to the …….. ……….
What is the 5 year survival rate?

A

Muscularis externa

87%

52
Q

Stage III colorectal cancer has spread to the …….. and ……. ……..
What is the 5 year survival rate?

A

Serosa and lymph nodes

57%

53
Q

Stage IIII colorectal cancer has spread to ……. ……. (……….)
What is the 5 year survival rate?

A 
Other organs (metastasised)
10%
54
Q

What does the 5 year survival rate actually mean?

A

The % of patients that are still alive after 5 years of treatment

55
Q

Clinical features of colorectal cancer become apparent very rapidly.
True or false?

A

False.

Few symptoms show until advanced stage

56
Q

Symptoms of colorectal cancer depend on location of cancer and can include……

A

Change in bowel habit
Abdominal pain, bloating
Occult blood
Unexplained tiredness

57
Q

What would explain increased tiredness in a patient with colorectal cancer?

A

Depletion of red blood cells due to the chronic slow bleed.

58
Q

What is occult blood?

A

Traces of blood in stool usually due to bleeding from the lower GI tract.

59
Q

Why has screening been introduced for colorectal cancer?

A

No early warning signs.
Remains confined for long period before invading bowel wall and other organs.
Treatment more successful if detected early.

60
Q

At what age should you commence the National bowel screening program?
How is this done?

A

50, then every 5 years thereafter.

Faecal occult blood test (FOBT)

61
Q

Early stage treatment of colorectal cancer is ……….. or ………….
If not reached muscularis externa, will cure ….. % of cases.

A

Polypectomy or surgery

90%

62
Q

If colorectal cancer penetrates wall and/or spreads to lymph nodes, how should it be treated?

A

Surgery and chemotherapy

63
Q

List some age-related changes that may lead to anorexia, impaired absorption, malnutrition and constipation in the elderly.

A 
Loss of teeth
Decline in taste bud numbers
Sense of smell lessens
Saliva secretion decreases
Dysphagia
Gastric secretions decrease
Decreased liver function 
Decreased GIT motility

Bio 3 End Semester (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions