Gastro Diseases

Question 1

Achalasia

Answer 1

Lack of esophageal peristalsis, incomplete relaxation/hypertrophy of lower esophageal sphincter

Question 2

Gastro-esophageal reflux disease

Answer 2

Exposure of esophagus to gastric juice (heart burn)

Question 3

Gastropariesis

Answer 3

Delayed gastric emptying

Question 4

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

Answer 4

Umbrella term - chronic abdominal pain and altered bowel habits in absence of any organic cause

Question 5

Post-infectious IBS

Answer 5

Severe gastoenteritis prior to symptom onset

Question 6

Diarrhea

Answer 6

Transit of chyme is too fast, less time for water absorption

Question 7

Consitpation

Answer 7

Transit of chyme too slow, increased water absorption - dries stool making it difficult to move

Question 8

Hirschsprung’s disease

Answer 8

Infants - distended colon upstream of band of constriction, risk of toxic megacolon, absence of enteric ganglia in constricted segment

Question 9

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

Answer 9

Relapsing/remitting inflammation of the GIT

Question 10

IBD: Ulcerative colitis

Answer 10

Mucosal ulcers in rectum that can spread to colon

Question 11

IBD: Chron’s disease

Answer 11

Transmural inflammation in GIT, skip lesions in ileum

Question 12

Choledocholithiasis (Gallstones)

Answer 12

Bile stored in gall bladder from chalk-like structures (too much cholesterol, bilirubin, incomplete gall bladder emptying) that block bile or pancreatic duct

Question 13

Jaundice

Answer 13

Condiiton produced when excess amounts of bilirubin circulate in blood dissolving subcutaneous fat, causing a yellowish appearance of the skin and the whites of the eyes, sign of liver or gallbladder dysfunction

Question 14

Chirrhosis

Answer 14

Irrversible fibrosis of liver caused by LT liver inflammation

Question 15

Acute Pancreatitis

Answer 15

Progressive inflammatory changes in pancreas that result in permanent structural damage

Question 16

Dry Beriberi

Answer 16

Symmertrical sensory motor peripheral neuropathy (difficulty with moto control) due to vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency

Question 17

Wet Beriberi

Answer 17

CV issues up to heart failure due to vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency

Question 18

Wernicke-Kordakoff Syndrome

Answer 18

Nystagmus, ophthalmoplegia and ataxia, impaired cognitive function due to alcoholism and resulting deficiency in vitamin B1 (thiamine)

Question 19

Megaloblastic Anemia

Answer 19

Consequence of vitamin B12 deficiency, large RBC and anemia

Question 20

Celiac disease

Answer 20

Gluten triggered T-cell mediated autoimmune enteropathy (gliadin) destrtuction of small intestine

Question 21

Enterohemorrhagic Escheria coli (E. coli 0517-H7)

Answer 21

Verotoxin (Shiga-like toxin) acts through type III secretion system, causes bloody diarrhea

Question 22

Cholera

Answer 22

Caused by Vibro cholera (fecal-oral transmission), Gram-ve causes severe dehydratingf diarrhea by locking adenylate cyclase into activated form = massive secretion of Cl-, HCO3, Na+, and H2O

Question 23

Closteriodes difficile

Answer 23

Gram +ve, sore forming, toxin producing bacillus that activates as result of antibacterial treatment, resulting in antiobiotic-associated colitis

Question 24

Hep A

Answer 24

Acute liver function, affects hepatocytes and Kupffer cells, fecal-oral transmission

Question 25

Hep B

Answer 25

Acute to chronic liver infection, transmitted through bodily fluids

Question 26

Hep C

Answer 26

Most common chronic liver infection, RNA virus (flavivirus), blood borne

Question 27

Gastritis

Answer 27

Stomach inflammation from gasrtic uklceration (breakdown of mucosal layer)

Question 28

Helicobacter Pylori

Answer 28

Bacterium that thrive in acidic environment of stomach, results in epithelial damage (inflammation), ulceration