Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Paeds > Gastroenterology > Flashcards

Gastroenterology Flashcards

(58 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Red Flags in patient with constipation?

A

not passing meconium within 48hrs
neuro signs or symptoms
vomiting
ribbon stool
abnormal anus
abnormal lower back or buttocks
failure to thrive
acute severe abdo pain or bloating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Complications of chronic constipation?

A

pain
reduced sensation
anal fissures
haemorrhoids
overflow and soiling
psychosocial morbidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Mx of idiopathic constipation?

A

correct reversible RFs
high fibre diet
good hydration
laxatives (Movicol first line)
may require faecal disimpaction regime initially
scheduling visits, bowel diary, star charts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Causes of constipation?

A

idiopathic
Hirschprung’s disease
cystic fibrosis
hypothyroidism
spinal cord lesions
sexual abuse
obstruction
anal stenosis
CMPA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux?

A

when contents from the stomach reflux through the lower oesophageal sphincter into the oesophagus

v common in babies due to immature oesophageal sphincter (up to 1 yr)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Red flags in GOR?

A

chronic cough
hoarse cry
distress, crying after feeding
reluctance to feed
pneumonia
poor weight gain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Causes of vomiting?

A

overfeeding
GORD
pyloric stenosis
gastroenteritis
appendicitis
infections (UTI, tonsillitis, meningitis)
intestinal obstruction
bulimia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Mx of GORD?

A

small, frequent meals
keep baby upright after feeding
don’t overfeed
Gaviscon
thickened milk or formula
PPIs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is pyloric stenosis?

A

hypertrophy and narrowing of the pyloric muscle in between the stomach and the duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Presentation of pyloric stenosis?

A

first few weeks of life
hungry baby
failure to thrive
projectile vomiting
firm, round mass in abdomen
hypochloric metabolic alkalosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Diagnosis of pyloric stenosis?

A

abdo US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Mx of pyloric stenosis?

A

laparoscopic pyloromyotomy (Ramstedt’s)

excellent prognosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Causes of diarrhoea?

A

infection (gastroenteritis)
IBD
lactose intolerance
coeliac disease
cystic fibrosis
toddler’s diarrhoea
IBS
meds (antibiotics)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Causes of gastroenteritis?

A

viral:
norovirus
rotavirus
adenovirus
bacterial:
E coli (HUS)
campylobacter jejuni (traveller’s diarrhoea)
Shigella (HUS)
salmonella
bacillus cereus
yersinia enterocolitica
staph aureus toxin
giardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mx of gastroenteritis?

A

isolation
faeces for culture, sensitivity and microscopy
hydration
avoid antidiarrheal meds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Complications post-gastroenteritis?

A

lactose intolerance
IBS
reactive arthritis
Guillain-Barré syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Antibodies in coeliac disease?

A

anti-TTG
anti endomysial

(always test IgA too for context)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Presentation of coeliac disease?

A

often asymptomatic
failure to thrive
diarrhoea
fatigue
weight loss
mouth ulcers
anaemia (iron, B12, folate)
dermatitis herpetiformis
neuro symptoms (peripheral neuropathy, cerebellar ataxia, epilepsy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Who should always be tested for coeliac disease?

A

T1DM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Genetic associations in coeliac disease?

A

HLA-DQ2
HLA-DQ8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Diagnosis of coeliac disease?

A

must continue eating gluten for investigations

antibodies
endoscopy (villous atrophy, crypt hypertrophy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Findings on endoscopy in coeliac disease?

A

villous atrophy
crypt hypertrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Associated diseases with coeliac disease?

A

T1DM
thyroid disease
autoimmune hepatitis
PBC
PSC
Down’s syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Complications of coeliac disease?

Study These Flashcards
A

vitamin def.
anaemia
osteoporosis
ulcerative jejunitis
enteropathy-associated T- cell lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
small bowel adenocarcinoma

25
Mx of coeliac disease?
lifelong gluten free diet
26
What is biliary atresia?
congenital condition where a section of the bile duct is either absent or narrowed prevents the excretion of conjugated bilirubin
27
Mx of biliary atresia?
surgical management Kasai portoenterostomy liver transplant
28
Causes of intestinal obstruction?
meconium ileus Hirschsprung's disease oesophageal atresia duodenal atresia intussusception imperforate anus malrotation with volvulus strangulated hernia
29
Presentation of intestinal obstruction?
persistent vomiting (may be bilious) abdo pain and distension obstipation absent bowel sounds (may be tinkling initially)
30
Diagnosis of intestinal obstruction?
abdo x ray -> distended loops of bowel, absence of air in rectum
31
Mx of intestinal obstruction?
'drip and suck' definitive mx based on cause
32
What is Hirschsprung's disease?
congenital condition where the parasympathetic ganglion cells of the myenteric plexus are absent in the distal bowel and rectum
33
Presentation of Hirschsprung's Disease?
acute intestinal obstruction failure to pass meconium chronic constipation since birth abdo pain and distension vomiting poor weight gain and failure to thrive
34
Associated conditions with Hirschsprung disease?
Down's syndrome neurofibromatosis Waardenburg syndrome MEN 2
35
What is Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis?
HAEC -> inflammation and obstruction, occurs in 20% of neonates with Hirschsprung 2-4wks of birth with fever, abdo distension, bleeding can lead to toxic megacolon and perforation
36
Mx of Hirschsprung's Disease?
fluid resuscitation and management of obstruction antibiotics, fluids and decompression in HAEC definitive mx is removal of affected bowel
37
Diagnosis of Hirschsprung's Disease?
abdo x-ray for obstruction and HAEC rectal biopsy gold standard (absence of ganglionic cells)
38
What is intussusception?
a condition where the bowel 'telescopes' into itself leading to palpable mass in the abdomen and obstruction
39
Who gets intussuscpetion?
6months - 2yrs more common in boys
40
Associated conditions with intussusception?
concurrent viral illness HSP cystic fibrosis intestinal polyps Meckel's diverticulum
41
Presentation of intussusception?
severe, colicky abdo pain pale, lethargic, unwell redcurrant jelly stool sausage-shaped mass vomiting obstruction
42
Diagnosis of intussusception?
US abdo
43
Mx of intussusception?
air insufflation surgical reduction surgical resection if gangrene or perforation
44
Complications of intussuception?
obstruction gangrene perforation death
45
What is a congenital diaphragmatic hernia?
occurs in 1 in 2000 herniation of the abdominal viscera into the thoracic cavity due to incomplete formation of the diaphragm causes pulmonary hypoplasia and HTN only 50% survive
46
Distinguishing features of Crohn's Disease?
NESTS no blood or mucous entire GI tract skip lesions transmural inflammation, terminal ileum most affected smoking is RF more associated with weight loss, strictures, fistulas, gallstones
47
Distinguishing features of ulcerative colitis?
CLOSE-UP continuous inflammation limited to colon and rectum only superficial mucosa smoking is protective excrete blood and mucus use aminosalicylates PSC
48
Presentation of IBD?
diarrhoea abdominal pain blood and mucus tenesmus weight loss anaemia mouth ulcers (Crohns) systemically unwell during flares
49
Extra-intestinal manifestations of IBD?
finger clubbing erythema nodosum pyoderma gangrenosum episcleritis, scleritis, irisitis inflammatory arthritis PSC (UC) gallstones (Crohns)
50
Investigations for IBD?
bloods (anaemia, infection, thyroid, kidney, liver function) raised CRP faecal calprotectin endoscopy gold standard imaging with US, CT, MRI to look for fistula, abscesses, strictures
51
General Mx of IBD?
MDT monitor for growth and development induce and maintain remission
52
Medical Mx of Crohn's?
inducing remission: steroids first-line consider adding azathioprine, mercaptopurine, methotrexate, infliximab, adalimumab maintaining remission: may not be necessary first-line: azathioprine mercaptopurine alternatives: methotrexate infliximab adalimumab sx intervention if only affecting distal ileum sx to treat strictures or fistulae
53
Medical Mx of UC?
inducing remission: mild-moderate: aminosalicylate (mesalazine PO or PR) corticosteroids severe: corticosteroids IV ciclosporin maintaining remission: aminosalicylate (mesalazine PO or PR) azathioprine mercaptopurine Sx: panproctocolectomy permanent ileostomy or ileo-anal anastomosis J-pouch
54
Presentation of appendicitis?
central abdominal pain that migrates to RIF tenderness at McBurney's point anorexia N&V Rovsing's sign peritonism (guarding, rebound tenderness, percussion tenderness)
55
Diagnosis of appendicitis?
clinical diagnosis inflammatory markers CT can be used to confirm US to rule out gynae definitive diagnosis on laparoscopy
56
DDx of appendicitis?
ectopic pregnancy ovarian cysts meckel's diverticulum mesenteric adenitis appendix mass
57
Mx of appendicitis?
appendectomy (open or laparoscopic)
58
Complications of appendectomy?
bleeding, infection, pain, scars damage to bowel, bladder, other structures removal of normal appendix anaesthetic risks VTE

Paeds (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions