0
Q
EGD is procedure of choice for:
A
eval odynophagia,to determine presence of peptic ulcer
upper GI bleed workup, always before PUD surgery, w/up for GERD with failed tx, eval ingested foreign body, persistent dyspepsia, dysphagia-after barium swallow
1
Q
contraindications to GI endoscopy
A
recent MI
combative pt
intestinal perforation
2
Q
ERCP - endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, after this procedure
A
- 60% have increased amylase
* 5-20% develop acute pancreatitis
3
Q
before ERCP in patient with suspected bile duct obstruction
A
treat with antibiotics prior to ERCP
4
Q
indications for ERCP
A
- find otherwise undetectable common bile duct stone
- find cause of pancreatic duct obstruction
- dx chronic pancreatitis
- to r/o primary sclerosing cholangitis(MRCP is better tho)
- to tx choledoccholithisis with cholangitis
5
Q
ERCP is contraindicated in ACUTE pancreatitis EXCEPT in these conditions
A
- impacted gallstones
* ascending cholangitis-(bacterial infection causing cholangitis)
6
Q
MRCP-magnetic resonance cholangiopancratography is used to
A
- dx chronic pancreatitis
- assess lack of clinical improvement in acute pancreatitis
- test of choice for primary sclerosing cholangitis
7
Q
endoscopic ultrasonography-u/s probe put thru biopsy port of endoscope.
used to evaluate
A
- pancreatic diseases
- biliary duct dz when ERCP contraindicated:gallstone pancratitis, pregnancy
- to confirm MRCP findings
8
Q
dysphagia is
A
swallow that for any reason does not proceed in normal fashion
9
Q
odynophagia is
A
pain with food bolus passage
10
Q
3 categories/causes of dysphagia
A
- transfer disorders
- anatomic or structural disorders
- motility disorders
11
Q
transfer disorders causing dysphagia
A
*neurologic deficit-CVA,ALS
see difficulty transfer food from mouth to esophagus, causing oropharyngeal muscle dysfunction
*symptoms: cough, gag, nasal regurg, immediate upon swallow
12
Q
motility disorders causing dysphagia
A
problem in transport food from upper esophagus to stomach
- failure of effective peristalsis &/or failure of LES relaxation
- endogenous and exogenous causes
13
Q
dysphagia-always do
A
work up! do not do just empiric treatment
14
Q
dysphagia work up
A
Barium swallow first test
EGD if needed is done after barium swallow-except in patient with hx reflux and slight -moderate dysphagia to Solids-high likely this is stricture from chronic reflux
*esoph. manometry only if barium and EGD were negative
15
Q
achalasia
A
*neuronal denervation & gangion cell degeneration=> no organized peristalsis in esophageal body and LES increased pressure and does not relax with swallowing
16
Q
achalasia-characeristic features in patient history
A
- dysphagia to solids and liquids
- LONGSTANDING symptoms-years
- regurg of food, especially at night
- no age or gender predilection
17
Q
achalasia-dx tests in this order
A
- barium swallow: dilated esophagus-often fluid filled.see “bird beak” narrowing distally due to LES tight
- EGD:use to confirm dx and r/o tumor
- esophageal manometry:last test to confirm dx
18
Q
pseudoachalasia and secondary achalasia
A
*tumor at esophagogastric junction
*consider if: onset of symptoms RAPID
patient > age 60
symptoms progressive and see profound weight loss
19
Q
complications of achalasia
A
- aspiration pneumonia
* weight loss
20
Q
Tx achalasia
A
- pneumatic dilation at LES opening
- surgical myotomy
- botulism toxin every 6-12 months-good in high risk patient
- calcium blockers and nitrates-only temporary partial relief
21
Q
diffuse esophageal spasm
A
“irritable bowel of the esophagus”
- simultaneous, non peristaltic contraction of esophagus
- often precipitated by cold or carbonated liquids
- symptoms: dysphagia, atypical CP
22
Q
diffuse esophageal spasm
Dx and Tx
A
Dx: barium swallow-usually normal but can see classic “corkscrew”, manometry confirms diagnosis, EGD not helpful
Tx: reassurance, if needs rx-1st line:diltiazem or imipramine
23
Q
anatomical obstruction of esophagus
A
*see slowly progressive dysphagia, first to solids then to liquid
* symptoms can be intermittant or constant
YOUNG-usually schatzki ring
OLDER-cancer or stricture
24
schatzki ring-lower esophageal ring, is always assoc with
hiatal hernia
25
classic history of patient with schatzki ring
* very slow progression of intermittent solid food dysphagia- esp to meat, bread
* may have hx of regurgitaion of impacted bolus for relief
26
schatzki ring, Dx & Tx
barium swallow-ring 13mm or less in diameterr to cause symptoms
Tx:dilation then PPI
27
symptoms of esophageal stricture
slow progression
constant
solid food s
28
causes of esophageal stricture
* #1: long hx inadeq tx reflux
* prolonged NG tube
* lye ingestion decades prior-these pt also incr risk esophageal cancer
29
esophageal stricture Dx & Tx
dx-barium swallow:narrowing-usually esophagogastric junction
| Tx-dilation
30
history of dysphagia in malignant esophageal obstruction-either esophageal malignancy or compression from non-esophageal ca
rapid progression of symptoms
| dysphagia: solid>soft foods>liquids
31
plummer-vinson syndrome
* rare
* dysphagia due to a web in the cervical esophagus
* see in females with iron def anemia- unknown why
* slight incr risk of esophageal cancer
32
dysphagia due to neurologic dysfunction (CVA,parkinsons, ALS,MS,bulbar palsy) see symptoms
*dysphagia to solid & liquids from the ONSET
33
aspiration due to dysphagia
* can occur with any type dysphagia
* usually well tolerated and no tx unless pulmonary problems
* s/s:choking,gag,cough, nasal regurg
* trach usually does not cure, may need PEG
* eval with video swallow study
34
scleroderma
shiny hard thick skin
35
systemic sclerosis
when scleroderma also involves internal organs
* #1 most common conn. tissue dz of esophagus
* weak or absent peristalsis of esoph, & LES is wide open
* severe reflux and damage from it.
* polymyositis & dermatomyositis can do same as above
36
Eosinophilic (allergic) esophagitis
* chronic inflammatory disorder, Involves IL-5, most incr IgE
* most in males, 30% have peripheral eosinophils
* main symptom:recur attacks dysphagia with food impaction
37
eosinophilic esophagitis : EGD findings, Dx, Tx
EGD: classic SCALLOPED appearance with ridges or rings in esophagus
Dx: biopsy >20eos/hpf in MIDesophagus biopsy
Tx: difficult, allergy testing and avoid allergens,fluticasone BID or viscous budesonide, PPI if reflux present
38
odynophagia
painful swallowing
39
most common causes of odynophagia
pill induced esophagitis
| opportunistic infections-candida, HSV, CMV-tx cause,if no improvement do EGD w biopsy
40
Most common drugs that can cause pill induced odynophagia
*esp if take with little water or before lying down
*doxycycline, KCL,ASA,NSAIDS
*iron,alendronate,quinidine
**dx made by hx alone (abrupt onset and taking the med)
Tx-stop med, reassure and educate pt
41
GERD due to
inappropriate transcient relaxation of LES
| hiatal hernia often present
42
suspect GERD if
* nocturnal cough,frequent sore throat
* hoarse,laryngitis,clearing throat
* loss of dental enamel
* exac of asthma
* vocal cord dysfunction
43
GERD assoc with these 2 respiratory disorders
* Asthma-even if no s/s GERD,PPI may improve asthma in some but recent study did not show improved asthma control with GERD tx
* vocal cord dysfxn:spasm of vocal cords assoc inspir stridor-wheeze at night
44
vocal cord dysfunction seen in
GERD
| young pt in competitive sports: more stress rxn in most but 10% of exercise induced asthma in likely misdiagnosed VCD
45
Dx GERD
if only heartburn trial PPI, EGD if fails to control symptoms-62% will have normal esophagus (non-erosive reflux dz)
46
ALARM signals in GERD patient-they need EGD
* N/V, dysphagia, odynophagia
* blood in stool, wt loss, anorexia, anemia, abnl phys exam
* family hx PUD, long duration of symptoms (esp white male >45)
* fail full dose PPI
* suspect barretts
47
Indications for 24 hour esophageal pH monitor
* atypical cases of GERD
* refractory symptoms and normal EGD
* failure of response to PPI
* hoarse,cough, atyp CP, and no classic symptoms of GERD
48
severe GERD (grade 2 or worse esophagitis)
PPI tx indefinately or corrective surgery
49
in pt w GERD symptoms that dont respond to PPI, look for these meds that cause delay gastric emptying causing reflux
* calcium channel blockers
* antihistamines
* tricyclics
* anticholinergics
50
indications for antireflux surgery
* refractory to medical tx
* young pt with severe dz
* need for longterm PPI
- outcome best in those that respond to PPI, 60% p surg need PPI
- must do motility study pre op-poor peristalsis-post op dysplasia
51
Barrett esophagitis
* change cell type from squamous>metaplasia
* highest risk:heartburn>10yr,>age 50, white male
* if chronic GERD: 10%male, 2% female have barretts. large # pt have barretts but no GERD symptoms
52
Barretts assoc with only this type cancer
* adenocarcinoma
| * PPI and antireflux surgery never change to cellular changes of Barretts
53
risk of adenocarcinoma in barretts
0.4% per year in pt w barretts
| risk relates to: length of the barretts changes, presence of hiatal hernia, degree of dysphagia, **concurrent smoking**
54
Monitoring of barretts or those at risk
* 2 EGD w Bx within 1 year, if both neg for dysplasia, reck 3 yrs
* if low grade dysplasia Bx #1, reck within 6 mo,, if no higher dysplasia on this bx, do yearly until no dysplasia on 2 consecutive yearly EGD w Bx
55
if high grade dysplasia on a EGD w Bx
* repeat EGD w Bx within 3 month
* any bx w high grade and mucosal irreg>endoscopic resection
* if 3 mo bx w high grade again but no mucosal irregularity, 3 ways to handle: 1. resection 2. reck EGD w bx every 3 month 3. radiofreq ablation c freq EGD follow ups
56
2 types of esophageal cancer
adenocarcinoma
| squamous cell
57
adenocarcinoma of esophagus
slightly >50% of cancers
distal 1/3 of esophagus
assoc w Barretts
58
squamous cell of esophagus
slight <50%
proximal 2/3 of esophagus
causes: smoking, alcohol-these have synergistic carcinogenic(NOT additive),head & neck cancers, achalasia, lye stricture, Plummer-vinson syndrome,strong assoc diet & environ
59
dx esophageal cancer
barium swallow then EGD w bx
| CT scan and endoscopis U/S to stage
60
tx esophageal cancer
* small & localized: surgical resection
| * large or metastasized:combo chemotherapy + radiation prior to surgery-2 year survival 38%
61
zenker diverticulum
outpouch of upper esophagus
#1cause of transfer (trouble initiating swallow) dysphagia to solid foods
*s/s: foul breath, regurg food eaten several days prior,often elderly
Tx-surgery
62
stomach physiology
G cells in pyloric antrum-incr pH & amino acid from food brkdown>G cell releases gastrin>that acts on parietal cells in fundus>secretes HCL(gastric acid)via proton pump
gastrin>enterochromaffin like cells (ECL) produce histamine-local effect via H2 receptors of parietal cells(paracrine)
acetylcholine from vagus nerve (neurocrine) w direct effect on parietal cells
63
parietal cells are affected by
endocrine (gastrin)
neurocrine (acetylcholine)
paracrine (histamine)
64
inhibitors of gastrin
somatostatin & secretin
| *decr pH> stim these (negative feedback) to regulate pH
65
achlorhydria patients (autoimmune gastritis) or those with pernicious anemia, or if PPI tx leads to achlorhydria
gastrin levels skyrocket due to loss of inhibitory effect, can see gastrim levels >500
66
gastric acid and pepsin(made from pepsinogen in presence of acid)
digest food and also attack mucosal defenses
67
dyspepsia
recurrent upper abdominal pain or discomfort
68
s/s dyspepsia
epigastric fullness
belch,bloating
gnawing pain (not severe)
heartburn
69
causes of dyspepsia
* most functional
* meds:ASA NSAIDS iron
* if
70
gastritis, classified by
histology or etiology
71
histologic classifications of gastritis
* acute gastritis-superficial-neutrophil infiltrate
* atrophic gastritis- medications, lymphocytes
* gastric atrophy-late, gastropathy
72
etiology classification of gastritis
Type A: autoimmune,atrophic,pernicious anemia,achlorhydria
* affects proximal stomach (body and fundus)
* autoantibodies against both intrinsic factor & parietal cells-progress to pernicious anemia & achlorhydrea w secondary hypergastrinemai and gastrin level >1000
73
Type B gastritis
*most common - 80% of chronic gastritis-due to H pylori
74
H pylori is linked to
* gastritis, PUD
* gastric adenocarcinoma
* gastric B cell lymphoma (MALT)
75
medications that require gastric acid for best absorption
* thyroxine
* itraconazole, ketoconazole **fluconazole does NOT
* 50% AIDS pts have decr stomach acid w incr rate of itraconazole failure
76
erosive gastropathy
* not inflam response so is not a gastritis
| * assoc: NSAID, alcohol, severe physiologic stress-ICU,surgery,burns
77
SRMD-stress related mucosal damage
causes and prevention
* causes: ICU,burns,CNS injury, surgery, vent,coagulopathy
* prevent: H2 block, antacid, PPI, early feedings
* *Most effective: continuous infusion H2 receptor antagonist-NO increased risk of aspiration pneumonia
78
when to test for H pylori
* any hx PUD-esp duodenal ulcer
* current EGD w ulcer,erosive gastritis or duodenitis
* if MALT lymphoma is present
* family hx gastric cancer
* test & treat: dyspepsia pt
79
Gold standard H pylori test
biopsy with histology of antral mucosa on EGD
80
h pylori test that is good to check active disease and response to treatment
urease test (CLO and rapid urease tests)
* 95% sens & specificity
* less accurate if on antibiotic or PPI
81
non invasive H pylori tests
* urea breath tests-first choice to check effectiveness of H.pylori tx-need to be of PPI for 2 week prior to test
* fecal antigen tests-good for primary dx, best test if on PPI to test effectiveness of treatment
* serologic-dont use, poor for checking effectiveness of tx
82
H pylori treatment
* triple drug -2 antibiotic (biaxin & amox) & PPI
| * in US, flagyl less effective due to resistance
83
universal post treatment testing of H pylori is not recommended unless:
* hx H pylori assoc ulcer
* persistent dyspepsia symptoms
* H pylori assoc MALT lymphoma
* resection of early gastric carcinoma
* * test no sooner than 4 weeks after finish treatment
84
4 causes of peptic ulcer disease
* #1: H pylori-if irradicated, ulcer does not recur
* NSAIDS
* high acid secreting states-Zollinger
* crohn dz of duodenum/stomach
85
NSAID induced peptic ulcer disease
* 10-40% of patients taking med, many small & no s/s
* gastric & duodenal ulcers
* if has and needs NSAID: enteric coated NSAID,nonacetylaed ones-salsalate; non acidic ones-relafen, PPI or cytotec, COX2
86
risk factors for NSAID PUD
*first 3 mo of use, high dose, elderly, Hx PUD/UGI bleed,heart dz, concurrent steroids, serious illness, concurrent ASA
87
smoking and PUD
* exaccerbate duodenal and gastric ulcers
* decreases healing rates
* increase recurrance and perforation rates
88
Do Not cause ulcers
* alcohol
| * corticosteroids
89
EGD in PUD if:
* assoc dysphagia or odynophagia
* follow up healing gastric ulcer
* UGI bleed
* foreign body
* family hx duodenal ulcers
* abnl UGI or CT scan
90
perforated gastric and duodenal ulcers
* often free air in peritoneal space-do upright abd films
* pain is usually severe
* EGD & UGI are CONTRAINDICATED
91
absense of an ulcer crater means
there is no risk of hemorrhage, perforation or scarring
92
tx of nonbleeding PUD
* H pylori treatment
* decrease acid secretion-H2, PPI
* stop smoking, NSAIDS
93
indications for surgery in PUD
* #1: UGI bleed-unable to stop endoscopically
* gastric outlet obstruction w failed balloon dilation
* perforation
* recur/refractory ulcers
* Z-E syndrome-to remove gasrinoma
94
causes duodenal ulcers
* NSAIDS
* H pylori
* Z-E syndrome
95
causes of gastric ulcers
NOT H pylori assoc
* tx PPI x 3mo as slower to heal
* all non healing ones need EGD w at least 6 bx samples to r/o ca
96
bleeding peptic ulcers
* #1cause: NSAID
* bleed risk is dose related
* incr risk NSAID->age 60, female
* no perfectly safe dose ASA
* risk bleed on COX2-close to nl pt but if also ASA same as NSAID
97
dx & tx emergently for UGI bleed
EGD
98
EGD finding that increase chance of rebleed
* larger size of ulcer
* visible vessels on non-bleeding ulcer (incr risk to 50% rebleed)
* visible clot (0%)
99
ulcer with clean base-no bleed, no clot, no visible vessels
very low chance of rebleed
100
tx bleeding peptic ulcer
* initial if active bleed, adherent clot, or visible vessel= combo injection epinephrine, saline,alcohol then either thermal or laser coagulation or hemoclip
* incr gastric pH >6: bid dosing PPI IV or po
101
treatments that do not work for bleeding peptic ulcer
* gastric lavage
| * IV vasoconstrictors
102
non ulcer causes of UGI bleeds
* osler-weber-rendu:hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
* AVM-usually stomach, duodenum
* Peutz-Jegher syndrome-hamartomatous polyps stomach to rectum (see dark melanin spots lips, buccal mucosa, hand/feet)
103
Zollinger Ellison syndrome
gastrinoma-produce gastrin continuously
*refractory ulcers-duodenal bulb & stomach
* s/s: ulcers, #1presentation-diarrhea, +/- steatorrhea
90% in "ZE triangle":porta hepatis,mid duod.,head pancreas
*80% sporadic, 20% assoc MEN type I
104
consider Z-E in patient with
* severe esophagitis and chronic diarrhea
* ulcer and chronic diarrhea
* duodenal ulcer + big folds stomach d/t parietal cell hyperplasia
* recur ulcer and no risk factors
* post bulbar duodenal ulcers
105
dx and tx of Z-E syndrome
Dx: gastrin level off PPI, if increase gastrin: do abd CT, endoscopic U/S, somatostatin receptor imaging
Tx: surg exploration, 1/3 cured by primary tumor resect,even c mets, resect to decr mass effect
PPI at higher doses and long erm
106
conditions assoc with high gastrin levels
* Z-E syndrome
* vitiligo *gastric carcinoids
* renal failure, hyperthyroidism
* achlorhydria due to PPI use
* chronic type A gastritis
107
gastric carcinoid
rare,due to chronic hypergastrinemic states(but not shown due to PPI increased gastrin level)
* usually not metastatic or symptomatic
* almost never causes carcinoid syndrome
* autoimmune gastritis,pern anemia, ZE,MEN I,spontaneous
108
4 types of gastric cancer
* carcinoid
* adenocarcinoma 95%
* lymphoma
* GIST-gastrointestinal stromal tumor(leiomyosarcoma)
109
risk factors assoc with gastric cancer
* chronic H pylori
* chronic metaplastic atrophic gastritis
* menetrier dz-lg intest folds due to epith. cell hyperplasia
* adenomatous gastric polyps
110
acanthosis nigrans
* usually d/t obesity & insulin resistance
| * can be due to various GI and lung cancers (gastric ca mostly)
111
MALT-lymphoma
* due to H pylori
* dx-EGD w bx
* when tx H pylori-MALT may resolve
112
alcohol and gastric ulcers do not cause
cancer
113
tx gastric cancer
* surg resection w adjacent lymph nodes
| * adjuvant combo chemo prolongs survival
114
Postgastrectomy syndromes
* dumping syndrome
* blind loop syndrome
* afferent loop syndrome
115
post gastrectomy dumping syndrome
* postprandial vasomotor symptoms:palpitation,sweating,lighthead
* early type:30" after eat, unclear etiology
* late type: 90" or more after eating-due to hypoglycemia
* tx both-restrict sweets & lactose, small freq meals
116
post gastrectomy blind loop syndrome
* bacterial overgrowth in a loop
* manifests: fat & B12 malabsorption
* low D-xylose absorption test
117
post gastrectomy afferent loop syndrome
* at bypass site, afferent loop still has bile and pancreatic fluids flow
* abd bloating and pain 20-60" after eating
* vomiting often relieves symptoms& see bile colored emesis
118
gastroparesis in diabetes
more in type I
* longterm DM.slow gastric emptying>incr blood sugar levels due to delay of insulinemic and glycemic response to carbs
* motor dysfxn w N/V, early saity, predisp to bezoars
119
causes of gastroparesis
* autonomic: diabetes, amyloid neuropathy
* infiltrative process of smooth muscle:scleroderma,amyloidosis
* other:CNS-stress,parkinson,tumor,MS; spinal cord injury or ganglion problem - post vagotomy
120
work up and tx gastroparesis
* w/up: r/o obstruction first, confirm dx w radioisotope labeled solid meal
* tx; hydration, nutrition, tight glycemic control, metoclopramide or emycin liguid
121
inflammatory bowel disease comprised of
crohns
| ulcerative colitis
122
common factors with inflam bowel dz
* family at incr risk of dz
* incr risk of GI cancer-esp UC
* toxic megacolon-complication-barium enema contraindicated if acute exac of the dz
123
smoking assoc with IBD
increase risk-crohns
| decrease risk-ulcerative colitis
124
Tx IBD
* sulfasalazine-split by bacteria in colon>mesalamine (ineffective if small bowel involved)
* mesalamine (5-ASA):colon dz-rectal enema, proctitis-suppository, oral form for distal ilium/colon
* metronidazole-perianal abscess&fistula in crohn, combo w 5asa in chrone
* budesonide - use specifically for small bowel crohns
* 6 mercaptopurine & azathioprine(metab to 6MP)-prednisone sparing drug-use both dz
* remicade, humira,cimzia-monoclonal ab to TNF-a
125
drugs that decrease relapse rate in crohns
```
azathioprine
6 MP
MTX
remicade
*smoking cessation decreases relapse
```
126
drugs that decrease relapse rate in ulcerative colitis
all standard drugs
| **stopping smoking increases relapses
127
crohns
* any age, most 20-30 and smaller peak 70-80s
* increase risk GI cancer, esp after 20yrs of dz
* screen longterm pts every other year for cancer
* more indolent than UC so less responsive to tx, hard to get off steroids-osteoporosis common
128
crohn dx
biopsy of ulcer pathognomonic
| patchy, focal,apthous ulcers & deep transmural ulcers with occ. strictures, fistulas, granulomas
129
Tetrad for crohns colitis
* skip lesions
* perirectal disease
* rectal sparing
* contiguous ileocolic disease
130
"string sign"
classic but uncommon
see on small bowel follow thru for crohns, lumen is edematous and fibrotic so contrast appears as string
*if see elsewhere in colon "apple core"lesion=suggests cancer
131
bowel involvement in crohns
30%colon only
40% small bowel only
30% both
132
in 15% of IBD-definate dx cant be made and these labs can help
P-ANCA assoc with ulcerative colitis
ASCA-(anti saccharomyces antibody) assoc crohns
133
problems related to crohns resection of terminal ileum (not UC)
* calcium ox kidney stones
* pigment gallstones
* B12 def, hypocalcemia-due to Vit D malabsorption
* bile acid induced diarrhea
* nutrient malabsorption
134
surgery in crohns
* only for intractable dz and serious complicationa
* the worse the dz where surgery is the more likely recur at that site
* colectomy & ileostomy-best result for crohn colitis with no ileal inflammation , >60% no recurrence
135
ulcerative colitis
* uniform,continuous mucosal inflam w shallow ulcers
* always starts rectum and extends proximally
* area of unvolvement usually remains the same
* 70% are pANCA +, ESR & CRP usually elevated
* main symptoms:abd pain, bloody diarrhea
136
extraintestinal manifestations of Uc (can see in crohns of colon)
* E.nodosum, pyoderma gangrenosum
* peripheral polyarthritis,ankylosing spondylitis
* iritis,episcleritis, uveitis
* venous thrombosis
* pericholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis
137
cancer in UC
risk high 0.5% per year
| increase risk with duration of UCand extent of UC-pancolitis high, if only proctitis-no increased risk
138
colonoscopy in UC
usually after 10 years of UC, then every 1-3 years
139
tx of UC
complete colectom-cures, not done routinely
| medical tx as with crohns with good response rates, 30% remission in 2 mo of tx
140
indications for complete colectomy in UC
* dysplasia on bx in mass lesion or highgrade in flat lesion
* intractable dz, perforation, growth retardation in kid
* toxic megacolon, stricture
* steroid dependence, exsanginating hemorrhage
* complication from therapy
141
diarrhea definition
>200-250gm/day of stool
* normal 150-180 gm/d, small volume, loose stool not diarrhea
* acute 4wks
142
acute diarrhea -causes
* usually infectious-invasive or non-invasive
* food poisoning
* drug side effect
143
acute diarrhea work up
* diet & travel hx
* check fecal leukocytes-+in invasive, if + do:C&S
144
tx acute diarrhea
* invasive:general -bactrim, campylobactor-macrolide,amebiasis-flagyl
* salmonella-no abx- they prolong the illness
* Ecoli 0157:H7-abx are contraindicated
145
chronic diarrhea
* stool total osmolality=serum osm in all types
* secretory diarrhea
* osmotic diarrhea
* increased motility diarrhea
146
secretory diarrhea
*stool often >1 liter/day,risk electrolyte deficiency
*causes: enterotoxin,e coli, cholera,s.aureus
villous adenoma, gastrinoma, bile acids. VIPomas
microscopic colitis, collagenous colitis
*24-48h fast doesnt decr it except w fatty acid & bile acid diarrhea
147
osmotic diarrhea
* serum osm >50 gap
* due to nonabsorbable osmotic agent
* 24h fast resolves the diarrhea, if persists after fast suspect ingestion of magnesium antacid
148
common causes of osmotic diarrhea
* #1 lactase deficiency
* Mg++containing laxatives and antacid-esp castor oil
* poorly absorb.CHO-lactulose,sorbitol, fructose
* nutrient malabsorption:pancreatic insuff,celiac dz,bacterial overgrowth
149
diarrhea due to increased motility
causes: antibiotic assoc (not c diff)-emycin
hyperthyroidism
carcinoid
irritable bowel
150
chronic loose stools
<200g/d
lactase deficiency
IBS
151
laxative abuse
* urine for bisacodyl,anthraquinones, phenolphthalein
* stool osmotic gap >100 - Mg+ containing
* stool measurement of phosphate & sulfate
* if stool osm is low, pt could be adding water or urine to stool
152
causes of malabsorption
* decreased small bowel mucosal transport-something wrong with intestinal uptake
* decreased digestion-not enough digestive enzymes
153
Big 6 labs for work up of malabsorption
(low values of below labs)
* calcium, cholesterol, carotene
* serum iron
* albumin
* prolonged PT
154
decreased mucosal transport causes of malabsorption
* celiac dz,tropical sprue
* common variable immune deficiency w hypogammaglobulinemia
* whipple dz, intestinal lymphoma
* eosinophilic gastroenteritis, bacterial overgrowth
* other small bowel disease
155
Celiac disease (celiac sprue, nontropical sprue)
* common, 1% populaton,d/t gluten-wheat,barley,rye
* autoimmune intestinal disorder>villous atrophy>malabsorption
* can cause growth retardation
* assoc HLA DQ2 & DQ8
156
extraintestinal manifestations of celiac disease
* #1-iron def anemia-low hgb,MCV, ferritin
* abnormal serum aminotransferases
* dermatitis herpetiformis
* osteoporosis,osteomalacia
* neuro psych, dental enamel defect,prim. intestinal lymphoma
157
deficiencies caused by celiac disease
* iron
* folic acid
* calcium
* vit D & B12
158
4 requirements for dx celiac disease
* evidence of malabsorption-steatorrhea,wt loss,iron def anemia
* +antiendomysial Ab or +tissue transglutaminase AB
* positive response to gluten free diet
* abnormal small bowel biopsy
159
do antibody test for celiac disease in patient with these presentations
* 16 y/o with bipolar
* 33 y/o with bone pain spine/legs
* 28 y/o with purulent papalovesicular eruptions
* 30 y/o anemia w low hgb,MCV,Ferritin
160
only disorder assoc with low ferritin
iron deficiency
161
collagenous sprue
unusual, possible celiac variant
| *bx small bowel:flat mucosa w large masses of subepithelial eosinophilic hyaline material in lamina propria
162
tropical sprue
* found equatorial areas
* probably infectious etiology
* often pt w megaloblastic anemia
* tx-bactrim x 3-6 months, folic acid alone or w abx
163
Whipple disease
* rare,<1000 cases,d/t tropheryma whippelii gm+ actinomycele
* cardinal tetrad: arthralgia (#1), abd pain,wt loss, diarrhea
* severe malabsorption w marked decr albumin & neuro s/s
* Dx: EGD w sm bowel bx:foamy macrophages, PAS +
* Tx:pcn or roceph IV x14d then bactrim x 1 year
164
eosinophilic gastroenteritis
* N/V/D, abd pain,wt loss, albumin wasting,iron def anemia
* often see eosinophilia on CBC (r/o strongyloides that can cause eosinophilia
* tx: corticosteroids x 6wks and avoid causative foods
165
short bowel syndrome
* occurs after massive bowel resection
* if <100cm sm bowel left-may need TPN for life
* tx;low fat diet, vitamins
166
malabsorption d/t decreased digestion 2main causes
pancreatic insufficiency
| bile acid deficiency
167
pancreatic insufficiency
* chronic pancreatitis,pancreatic cancer, cystic fibrosis
* see undigested muscle fibers in stool exam
* confirm: + response to tx w pancreatic enz, or d-xylose absorp
* do CT scan to r/o pancreatic cancer if >age 55
168
bile acid deficiency
*ileal resection >100cm,or ileal dz or dz that decreases bile acid uptake, severe liver dz, ZE syndrome, bacterial overgrowth
169
best indicator of malabsorption
steatorrhea >14g/d of fecal fat
* sudan stain stool-best screening for fat
* gold standard-3 day quanitative fecal fat
170
steatorrhea due to pancreatic insufficiency
>40 g/d fecal fat
171
Irritable bowel syndrome
* 15% population, female
* s/s: freq sm stools w mucus, abd pain relieved by BM
* Dx: exclude others-celiac, lactose intol..., look for chara s/
* Tx: *reassure,fiber,probiotics,antispasmotic, TCA, loperamide, amitiza for constipation prominent IBS
172
colon cancer risk factors:
* 4% lifetime risk
* age >50, obesity, smoking
* Hx adenomatous polyps
* UC, crohns
* BRCA1 mutation
* acromegaly
* fam hx colon ca,,familial polyposis syndr, hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer
* diet high in calories and animal fat
173
red flags for colon cancer
* anorexia, wt loss, anemia, fever, heme + stool
* change in bowel habits-esp nocturnal BM
* onset of symptoms after age 45
174
endocarditis due to this organism is often associated with colon cancer and need work up
**strep bovis or clostridium
175
full dose ASA helps decrease risk of
colon cancer
176
colon adenomas with advanced features
*high grade dysplasia
*villous histology
*size >10mm
*
177
colon adenomas
*need follow up. only 1% ever become malignant but most GI cancers arise from adenomas
**hyperplastic polyps <1cm -no incr risk- 10 yr follow up as normal
178
guidelines colon adenomas
1-2 sm tubular adenoma w low grd dysplasia-re ck 5-10 years
3-10 adenoma, or 1 adenoma>1cm,any villous feature or high grade dysplagia-re ck 3 years
>10 ademomas-re ck 3 years
sessile w piecemeal removal-re ck 2-6 mo to verify removal
179
Inherited colon cancers
*Familial polyposis syndrome:(all autosomal dominant)
familial adenomatous polyposis, Gardner syndrome, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, Juvenile polyposis
*Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer: Lynch syndrome
180
Familial adenomatous polyposis
* 100s of adenomas in colon
* 100% risk of cancer if not tx
* *MUST have proctocolectomy by age 20!
* cont to monitor as often get duodenal cancer from polyps
181
Gardner syndrome
* variant of familial adenomatous polyposis
* 100% risk of cancer-tx same as above
* often see soft tissue tumors & bone lesions - osteomas, so if see these do colonoscopy
182
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
* multiple hamartomatous polyps t/o small bowel, occ colorectal and stomach
* melanotic pigmentation (freckles) on lips and buccal mucosa
* benign tumors but 50% risk cancer by age 60
183
Juvenile polyposis
hamartomas
| *no malignant potential and no special follow up needed
184
Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (Lynch syndrome)
* definition: occur of colon ca in at least 3 1st degree relatives over at least 2 generations & one of those dx
185
colon screening
yearly fecal occult blood testing in low risk pt but misses 1/3 of advanced cancers
186
colon screening in asymptomatic pt =/> age 50 with negative family history
```
*colonoscopy every 10 years
OR one of these every 5 years:
*flex sig
*double contrast BE
*CT colonography
```
187
adenomatous polyp on screening colonoscopy
re check in 3 years
188
"10 year" rule for colonoscopy screening
*high risk patients-start 10 years earlier than age of person in family with colon cancer or age 40-whichever is first
189
Indications for colonoscopy
* occult bleeding,iron def anemia without other explanation
* gross lower GI bleed (except BRB in young person), abnl BE
* adenomatous polyp, 1st degree relative w colon ca, familial syndromes,ischemic colitis,persistent diarrhea,4-8wk after onset presumed new diverticulitis, strep bovis/clostridium bacteremia
190
CEA testing
*only for checking for recur of colon cancer and only if it was elevated before surgery and declined after surgery
191
Colon cancer staging TNM
* stage 1: T1 cancer into submucosa,T2 into muscularis
* stage 2: T3 into tissue,T4a visceral peritoneum,T4b direct invasiv
* stage 3: as above plus + nodes (no mets)
* stage 4: + nodes and + distant mets
192
colon cancer always mets first to
liver via portal cirulation
*exception is RECTUM-blood supply bypasses portal circulation so no liver mets
193
rectal cancer metastasizes to
Lung, bone, brain
| * not to liver
194
tx colon cancer
* tx choice - surg resection-potential cure
* radiation then surg-ONLY RECTAL cancer
* adjunct chemo -only stage 3 orr locally adv 2-FOLFOX
* solitary liver mets-hepatic resection-improve survival
195
if remove cancerous polyp MUST do
bowel resection if it extends to either blood vessel or cautery line
196
most common cause of colon bleed in elderly
* diverticular bleeding
| * #2: angiodysplasia-more severe bleeding usually-us. stops spont.
197
tx and dx diverticular bleed
* stabilize
* r/o UGI source w NG aspirate or EGD
* colonoscopy only if bleed doesnt stop
* DX:severe or continued bleeding-colonoscopy or taged RBC scan angiography
198
Indications for angiography in GI disease
* chronic & acute mesenteric ischemia
* severe lower GI bleed
* some duodenal ulcers or rare UGI bleed
* TIPS in variceal bleed
* tx use:embolization, vasopressin
199
diverticulitis usually due to
microperforations
200
usual s/s of diverticulitis
LLQ pain
fever
increased WBC
(no bleeding)
201
dx diverticulitis
CT most useful-thickened sigmoid colon, colic fluid
**No colonoscopy
202
cause of 50% all GI bleeds in children
Meckel diverticula- can cause obstruction & intussusception
*Dx: technetium scan
203
angiodysplasia and lower GI bleed
*usually R colon-cecum, ascending
204
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis (Osler-Rendu-Weber)
* multiple AVM's all organs-brain,lung,skin,m membr,GI tract-esp Upper GI
* * these people have history of epistaxis
205
Ischemic colitis characterized by
abdominal pain
| maroon stools
206
video capsule endoscopy
*use when EGD & colonoscopy negative and pt has some form of GI bleeding, looks at small bowel or occult bleed
207
#1 cause of small bowel obstruction
adhesions from prior surgery
208
3 most common causes of colon obstruction
1-carcinoma
2-diverticulitis
3-volvulus
209
dx bowel obstruction
*flat and upright abdominal films: excess air in small bowel and no air in colon-air fluid loops
210
tx bowel obstruction
IVF,, NG suction. work up if not resolved 1-2 days
211
4 types of intestinal ischemia
* ischemic colitis
* chronic mesenteric ischemia
* acute mesenteric ischemia
* mesenteric venous thrombosis
212
Ischemic colitis
* nonocclusive-inferior mesenteric-esp splenic flexure to sigmoid
* most no specific cause
* s/s:sudden LLQ pain, urge to defecate then pass red/maroon
* KUB-thumbprint, DX-CT
* TX:bowel rest, abx, fluids
213
chronic mesenteric ischemia "intestinal angina"
* classic triad: wt loss, abd bruit, abd pain p meals-pain out of proportion to exam-1-3hrs of dull, gnawing pain shortly p eat
* dx:symptoms, MRI or CT angiogram
* Tx: surgical bypass or angioplasty
214
acute mesenteric ischemia- do angiography unless perforation thenbowel resection and possible embolectomy
* MORTALITY 70% even with treatment-d/t acute loss of blood flow to part or all small bowel and ascending colon (emboli #1)
* often chronic intestinal angina then develop acute illness w N/V/D and occult blood-bowel infarct>acidosis, incr lactate and incr amylase
215
Meseneric venous thrombosis
* assoc with hypercoag. states
* dx CT scan
* tx: acute-thrombolytics & long term anticoag.
216
causes of acute pancreatitis
* #1-alcohol abuse. #2 gallstones
* ERCP,DKA,hyper TG, hyper CA+,trauma, pancr ca,CF,hereditary
* drugs:valp.,hypogly,TCN,sulfa,lasix , HCTZ,estrogen,HIV meds, 5-ASA meds , azothioprine
217
acute pancreatitis lab
amylase >3x early is usual and decr in 2-3 days of onset
| lipase elevates slower but stays incr 7-1 days
218
hyper TG and acute pancreatitis
TG>1000can cause pancreatitis but high TG can also cause a spuriously normal amylase level
219
severity of pancreatitis
directly relates to degree of pancreatic necrosis (10% have necrosis) and whether the necrotic tissue gets infected
*overall mortality 5-10%
220
severe pancreatitis can cause multisystem organ failure and will likely see
hemoconcentration
SBP130
P02 <3.2
221
assessing severity of acute pancreatitis
* erythema of flanks-extravasated pancreatic exudates
* severe necrotizing-Cullen sign-faint blue periumbil.=hemoperitoneum. Grey-Turner-blue to purple -brown discoloration flank=catabolism of hemoglobin =retroperitoneal blood dissecting along tissue planes
222
scoring system for pancreatitis severity: BISAP
```
Bun >25
Impaired mental status
SIRS
Age >60
Pleural effusion
```
223
SIRS-systemic inflammatory response syndrome
* easy to do bedside & repeated daily
* categorizes severe illnesses in general
* requires 2 of the following
* T 38
* HR> 90
* RR >20 or PCO2 12K or 10% bands
224
independent risk factors acute pancreatitis
BMI >30-mortality incr 2 times
Hemoconcentration >44%
age >75
organ failure
225
pancreatic necrosis confirm with
dynamic CT or MRI
226
Fluid/masses in acute pancreatitis
* acute fluid collection
* necrotic tissue
* infected necrosis
* pseudocyst
* abscess
227
acute fluid collection in acute pancreatitis
50% within 48hr of pain onset
| symptomatic transudative Left pleural effusion freq. occurs and resolve spontaneously
228
necrotic tissue in acute pancreatitis
* onset 1-2 weeks
* differentiate from pseudocyst by ultrasound
* serious and may need drainage
229
infected necrosis in acute pancreatitis
* usually need endoscopic or CT guided drainage or surgery within 2 weeks
* DX: CT guided aspiraion and bacterial smear and culture
230
Pseudocyst
* think this in pt recovering normally from pancreatitis and suddenly gets worse
* develops in 10-15%
* requires about 4 or more weeks after acute attack
* small-spont resolve
* >5 cm-may not resolve, if persists >3-6 mo surg drainage
231
pseudocysts can be assoc with serious complications, they need removal if not resolving
* fistula
* pseudoaneurysm
* rupture- 15% mortality
* hemorrhage w rupture-60% mortality
232
abscess assoc with acute pancreatitis
* 4-6 wks after onset of acute with severe pancreatic necrosis
* "soap Bubble" sign on upright KUB
* very serious with fever and shock
* Dx: CT guide aspir, immed surgical debridement and drainage
233
in acute pancreatitis, if amylase is still increaed by day 10, something else is going on like:
leaking pseudocyst
| pancreatic duct leak
234
recur of pancreatitis and no hx of alcohol and no gallstones, think
microlithiasis and consider cholecystectomy
235
gastric varices without esophageal varices ONLY occurs in
splenic vein thrombosis- a complication of severe acute or chronic pancreatitis
236
with pancreatitis, ERCP not done acutely unless
sepsis or cholangitis
237
criteria to resume oral feeding with pancreatitis
* bowel sounds present and passing gas/stool
* not requiring narcotics
* pt expresses hunger
238
conditions that cause abdominal pain and incr amylase
* acute pancreatitis and cholecystitis
* intestinal infarction, perforated ulcer
* salpingitis, ectopic pregnancy
* DKA
239
causes of chronic pancreatitis
#1 chronic (>10 yr)alcohol abuse -70%
idiopathic 30%
hereditary 10%
*rare: autoimmune, hyperparathyroid, cystic fibrosis
240
Dx chronic pancreatitis - triad
*pancreatic calcification
*diabetes
*steatorrhea
only see <20% and is late stage disease
241
dx chronic pancreatitis,start with CT abdomen, positive if
see calcification, atrophic pancreas, dilated pancreatic duct
*if CT nondiagnostic and still suspect-MRCP (preferred over ERCP) or ERCP-as MRCP doesnt cause pancreatitis as ERCP can. positive will see large duct dz , "chain of Lakes" appearance
242
most sensitive test for pancreatic function
secretin test-not done much=complicated
243
complications of chronic pancreatitis
* persistant and severe abd pain
* 4% develop pancreatic cancer after 20 yrs of the disease
* gastric varices,B12 malabsorption, jaundice,pleural effusion
* brittle DM-prone to hypoglycemia-but dont get retinopathy or nephropathy unless they are alcoholic as cause
244
skin condition assocc with chronic pancreatitis
tender red nodules due to fat necrosis-similar to erythema nodosum
245
TX chronic pancreatitis
* pancreatic enzymes:minimun 20,000 u lipase per meal
* decr dietary fat, add medium chain TG to diet
* stop alcohol and smoking
* short term opiods with amitryptyline if that fails, little will help
246
autoimmune pancreatitis
*2X normal
| TX: steroids
247
pancreatic cancer
80% present with advanced disease
248
risk factors for pancreatic cancer
* smoking 2X risk
* diabetes
* pancreatic cancer in two 1st degree relatives
* chronic or hereditary pancreatitis
249
pancreatic cancer usually presents with
* jaundice
* abdominal pain
* weight loss
250
dx pancreatic cancer
helical CT
CT angiography
endoscopic ultrasound
251
Tx pancreatic cancer
* resection-only hope for cure-whipple
* chemo may incr survival few months
* ERCP only use in this is to stent for biliary obstruction
252
glucagonoma
*glucagon secreting alpha cell tumor of pancreas
253
Unique clinical findings of glucagonoma
* scaly necrolytic erythema
* persistent hyperglycemia
* plasma glucagon >1000
* weight loss
* anemia
254
insulinoma
very rare
| insulin secreting beta cell tumor of pancreas
255
gastrinoma
see in Z-E syndrome, 24% occur in pancreas
256
VIPoma
2/3 occur in pancreas
>50% malignant
DX: incr serum VIP level and hypokalemia
257
cholelithiasis
usually asymptomatic
not assoc with high cholesterol
80% are radiolucent cholesterol stones
258
cholelithiasis assoc with
* obesity
* OCP
* clofibrate treatment
* ileal disease or resection
259
Dx cholelithiasis
* ultrasound
| * HIDA-best to confirm acute cysic duct obstruction
260
tx cholelithiasis
* surgery only if symptomatic
| * in those can do surgery-ursodeoxycholic acid(oral bile acid)
261
acalculous cholecystitis
* only see in seriously ill-major trauma,burns, surgery
| * Dx-ultrasound or CT-large, tense thick GB, no stones
262
common duct stone
* incr alk phos and bili >4 - suggests it
* can see in post chole pt with persistent pain
* can cause cholangitis
* TX: ERCP possible endoscopic sphincterotomy
263
cholestasis
* can be obstructive (common duct stones) or hepatocellular
* both see retention of substrates that normally are released into bile
* see incr LFT,incr alk phos, incr conjugated bilirubin, bilirubinuria
264
cholangitis
* common complication of common bile duct blockage-stone or cancer
* acute-see Charcots triad: biliary colic, fever/chills, jaundice
265
suppurative cholangitis
charcot triad plus:mental confusion, bacteremia, septic shock
* DX/TX: ERCP w sphencterotomy or surgery if ERCP not available.
* antibiotic to cover anaerobic &aerobic - NO ROCEPHIN-can cause biliary sludge and no anaerobic coverage
266
Porcelain gallbladder
xray-calcified outline of GB
**suggests CANCER
TX: open cholecystectomy needed
267
primary biliary cirrhosis
* slow onset, etiology unknown, usually mid aged females
* chara: non supperative, progressive, destructive cholangitis
* some are hereditary, 70% have altered immunity
* chronic bile duct inflammation>obstr. jaundice and liver cirrhosis
268
Hallmark of primary biliary cirrhosis
90% have + antimitochondrial antibody (>1:40)
| *degree of elevation does NOT correlate with disease severity
269
symptoms of primary biliary cirrhosis (symptoms develop but disease is already advanced when they develop)
* fatigue, itching(esp palms and soles first)
* high alk phos
* eventual:jaundice, hyperpigmentation,inflam arthropathy, keratoconjunctivitis &/or xerostomia. accelerated osteoporosis
270
prognosis of primary biliary cirrhosis
* about 10 yr after onset symptoms
| * if bilirubin is at 10, most die shortly unless liver transplant
271
Dx & Tx primary biliary cirrhosis
Dx: liver bx-granulomas, **high hepatic copper level
Tx: urosodiol-improves LFT & decr symptoms-doesnt slow dz
*Puritis-cholestyramine tx,oteomalacia-vit d and calcium.
malabsorption -decr diet fat, add med chain TG
*late dz-liver transplant
272
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
*develop inflam and sclerosis of entire biliary tract>obstr jaundice>cirrhosis
*indolent, cause unknown
8-15% develop cholangiocarcinoma
273
90% of patient with primary sclerosing cholanitis have
**ulcerative colitis-**screen all with PSC with colonoscopy!!
can also be seen in crohn dz of COLON
**screen all patients for PSC if alk phos >2X normal
average pt : male (70%), age 45
274
symptoms (only in advanced dz) of PSC
weak, fatigue
abdominal pain
itching
jaundice
275
Dx of primary sclerosing cholangitis
#1:MRCP
*ERCP, transhepatic cholangiography
see "beaded"appearance
**liver bx: "onion skin" fibrosis in portal triads
276
Tx primary sclerosing cholangitis
liver transplant only-no ursodiol
277
secondary causes of sclerosing cholangitis
* bacteria-stone or bile duct stricture
* atypical anatomy-congenital or prior surgery
* bile duct neoplasms
* AIDS assoc cholangiopathy
278
more specific liver enzyme
ALT
279
alcoholic hepatitis
AST:ALT 3:1
| alcohol damages mitochondria which are the source of AST
280
viral hepatitis
ALT>AST-more toxic to liverr
281
NAFLD
ALT/AST ratio >2:1
282
histologic features of acute viral hepatitis
* diffuse liver cell injury and swelling
* increased macrophages
* accelerated apaptosis-the normal programmed cell death
* inflammatory periportal infiltrate
283
histologic features of chronic viral hepatitis
* interface hepatitis - PIECEMEAL NECROSIS
| * fibrosis
284
if see elevated liver enzymes, order
* alk phos, recheck LFT
* total and direct bilirubin, albumin
* PT,CBC,GGT
* *if still elevated, do Hep A-B-C, iron & ferritin
285
since alk phos comes from bone and liver, to determine if liver do
GGT-it parallels alk phos form liver
286
next in eval of incr LFT
ultrasound of abdomen
| do antimtochondrial antibody of indicated
287
first marker of hep B
HBsAg-patient producing hep B virus-acute or chronic, if + means past exposure or vaccine, usually indicates "cure"
288
HBcAg
appears early in disease and persists for life- IgM then IgG
289
best marker of previous exposure to HBV (doesnt tell if active or cured)
HBcAb
290
HBeAg
* making hep B virus and highly infectious if +
* appears several weeks after the illness
* quantity of intact virus
291
these 2 hep b markers indicate active disease and highly infective
HBsAg
| HBeAg
292
only hepatitis composed of DNA
hepatitis B
293
incubation for hepatitis B
1-6 months
| *window between HBsAg turning positive can be this long, must do HBcAb IgM to confirm acute Hep B
294
lab marker to confirm acute Hep B
HBcAb IgM
295
Hepatitis B is strongly assoc with
PAN-polyarteritis nodosa-30%
296
prodrome symptoms of hep B
* fever, arthritis,urticaria, angioedema
| * above resolve as pt develops jaundice, elevated LFT with liver swelling and tenderness
297
HBIG
if given in hep B helps decrease severity of illness only but doesnt protect from the disease
*effective prophylaxis when given early
298
Hep B vaccine
* composed of HBsAg- 2 types of vaccine, both = effective and safe in pregnancy
* give both to household contacts and partners (HBG & vaccine)
299
several months after Hep B infection, check these markers to be sure not chronic Hep B state
* loss of HBsAg
| * HBV-DNA
300
chronic hep B two types of carrier states
* inactive carrier-if get immunocompromised can get severe disease>ie develop cancer of some type and on chemo can get active dz so drug LAMIVUDINE is given with chemo in these pts to blunt viral replecation
* chronic active hepatitis
301
confirm dx of chronic hep B
liver biopsy
302
chronic hep B is
*serious illness
*often >cirrhosis
*strong assoc Hepatocellular carcinoma-20% lifelong risk
is screened for with AFP and ultrasound every 6 months
303
who to treat with hepatitis B
* all with HBV-DNA >20,000 and ALT > 2x normal
* HBeAg (-) start immediate tx
* new dx HBeAg (+) delay tx 3-6 mo to see if seroconvert
* if cirrhosis: tx if HBV DNA >2000(compensated) or >200 (decompensated)
304
tx chronic hep B
* interferon:35% complete remission, S/E may be severe, esp if young and wanting pregnancy
* Entecavir
* Lamivudine-safe in preg, high rate drug resistance
* liver transplant-only end stage-tx new liver with antivirals
305
Hepatitis A
* RNA virus,fecal-oral transmission, can be sexually transmitted
* No carrier or persistant states
* incubation 15-50 days
* onset jaundice is 3 weeks (3 months in HepB)
* vaccine 2 dose 6 mo apart age 2,mark decr risk
306
DX Hepatitis A
* acute: high anti HAV IgM
| * prior Hep A: anti HAV IgG (+) in prior disease and in vaccinated
307
indications for HAV vaccine
* high risk sexual behavior, IVDU
* all >age2
* chronic liver dz, all pt with Hep C ( If they get hep A can be fulminant)
* travel to high risk countries
308
Hep C
* ssRNA virus
* #2 most common liver disease (#1 is NAFLD)
* 90% transmittted prior to 1990s
* #1 genotype in US: genotype 1
309
those at risk for Hep C
* IVDU,prisioners, needlesticks
* tatoo, piercings,shared razor, toothbrushes
* renal dialysis personnel
* snorting cocaine,high risk sex,w prostitute/STD
* blood transfusion prior 1990
310
Hepatitis C "Rule of 2's" (2%)
* US population
* risk with needlestick transmission
* risk neonatal transmission
* risk spouse transmission
* cirrhosis w hep C develop hepatocellular ca/yr (aka hepatoma)
311
HIV & Hep C
* 30% pt with HIV are coinfected with HCV
* progress faster to cirrhosis
* best tx:interferon & ribavirin
312
extrahepatic disease with HCV
* small vessel vasculitis w glomerulonepritis, neuropathy
* mixed cryoglobulinemia
* porphyria cutanea tarda-only assoc with hep C
313
porphyria cutanea tarda
ONLY assoc with Hep C- so if see skin blisters-think Hep C
314
Hep C serology
* 2-4 mo p episode hepC : check i loss of HCV RNA (PCR)to ensure hasnt become chronic
* in pt HCV Ab (+), check for active virus w HCV RNA
315
Chronic Hep C
* 70-80% acute HCV become chronic!!
* hep C viral counts are lower so mor insidious nature: only 25% acute infections are symptomatic
* low transmission sexually in monogamous couples: 2% after 10-20years
316
chronic hep C
25% only carriers
50% no symptoms but abnormal LFT
25%chronic disease with symptoms-end stage cirrhosis after 20-25 yrs
1-4% of those w cirrhosis develop hepatocellular Ca / year
317
screening for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
* AFP and ultrasound of abdomen every 6 months
| * same for chronic hep B , Hep C and alcoholic cirrhosis
318
#1 cause of liver transplant in the US
chronic hep C
319
55% w chronic hep C have mixed cryoglobulinemia and presents with small vessel vasculitis w "palpable purpura" crops of purple papules. also see mixed cryoglob in
chronic hepatitis
chronic liver disease
connective tissue disease
320
Tx chronic hepatitis C
peg INF alpha injections and oral ribavirin (also decr risk HCC)
* measure response to tx w HCV RNA-if no response @12 wk D/C
* if (+) response, tx genotype 1 for 1 year, type 2 & 3 tx 6 months
321
hepatitis E
* fecal/oral-water p monsoon flood. no chronic form
* VERY high risk fulminent hepatitis in 3rd trimester preg-20%fatal
* acute hep in traveler and negative hep A & B think E
322
autoimmune chronic hepatitis
*insiduous onset, young female, 50% have other alt immunity
*Dx:liver bx , r/o other dx with labs
Tx:rapid reversal of symptoms, incr survival w prednisone +/- azathioprine(steroid sparing) **INF alpha-contraind-makes worse
No cure. Px freq progress cirrhosis, some HCC, transplant endst
323
drug related chronic hepatitis:
*lab often +ANA,hypergammaglobulinemia
TX-stop med
*OCP,MTX,acetaminophen, trazadone,nitrofurantoin,methyldopa,valproate,emycin,halothane,INH -but more common for it to cause acute hepatitis
324
#1 cause of fulminant hepatitis in the US
acetaminophen toxicity
325
acetaminophen toxicity
* metabolism:90% glucouronidation path, 5% cP450>NAPQI that is toxic intermediary that is rapidly reduced by glutathione.
* w OD glutathione is depleted rapidly and toxic liver by NAPQI
* w chonic acetam,alcohol,malnutr,illness, normal dose toxic as those conditions produce more NAPQI thats rapid reduced
326
lab that is disproportionately high in alcoholic is
GGT as alcohol induces it
*also see : AST/ALT ratio 3:1
AST always <300
327
OCP assoc with these liver conditions
* benign hepatic adenoma
* peliosis hepatis-blood filled sinusoids
* focal nodular hyperplasia of liver
* * young female on OCP w liver mass -likely adenoma
328
aspirin and Reye's syndrome
* always
329
other causes of chronic hepatitis
* wilson disease
* alpha 1 antitrypsin defic
* hemochromatosis
330
Non alcoholic fatty liver disease- NAFLD aka NASH
* pattern opposite of alcoholic liver disease:
* ALT>AST
* higher fibrosis
331
NAFLD assoc with
* obesity, diabetes, protein malnutrition, hyperlipidemia,prolonged IV
* amiodarone, corticosteroids, hyperalimentation
* DROP aka metabolic syndrome
332
DROP- metabolic syndrome
* Dyslipidemia
* insulin Resistance
* Obesity
* increased blood Pressure
333
Tx NAFLD
* all factors can modify/ control
* low fat diet
* avoid alcohol
334
Hepatocellular canncer - hepatoma
* 75% have cirrhosis, chronic liver any cause can do this
* assoc with aflatoxin-in raw peanuts -esp asia
* 80% incr AFP
* interferon alpha tx of chronic hep C decr risk of HCC
335
Hepatocellular carcinoma assoc with
```
tender hepatomegaly
bruit in RUQ, bloody ascites
incr alk phos, incr AFP, hypercalcemia, hypoglycemia,
water diarrhea
Fever unknown origin
```
336
causes of cirrhosis
* #1 alcohol, Hep B or C, biliary dz, alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency
* hemochromatosis, wilson dz, schistosomiasis
* post necrotic-ie drugs, toxins
* severe prolonged right side CHF
337
stigmata of cirrhosis
* hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice, ascites
* caput medusae, telangiectasis, palmar erythema,fetor hepaticus
* male:gynecomastia, atrophy of testes
* asterixis-hepatic encephalopathy
* clubbing-biliary causes of cirrhosis
338
complications of cirrhosis
* esophageal variceal hemorrhage
* hepatic encephalopathy
* hepatorenal syndrome
* prolonged prothrombin time
339
esophageal variceal hemorrhage
* 1/3 w varices bleed, 1/3 of bleeds die
* prophylaxis of pt with varices:propranolol w/wo isosorbide dinitrate-give to all with large varices, no prophyl. if small one
* *only large varices bleed
340
active variceal bleed
* primary tx:endoscopic band or sclerotherapy-somastatin,octreotide are splanchnic vasoconstrictors and used endoscopically.
* prophylactic antibiotic to prevent SBP
* prevent rebleed-propranolol or nadolol
341
TIPS
* rare use, major complication is encephalopathy
* only use in those that rebleed or for ascites d/t cirrhosis
* it decompresses portal vein
342
hepatic encephalopathy can be precipitated by
* GI bleed, hypovolemia,hypoxia
* incr dietary protein
* alkalosis,infection, sedatives, tranquilizers
* hypokalemia
343
signs of hepatic encephalopathy
* fetor hepaticus-unique musty odor to breath and urine
* hyperreflexia
* asterixis
* altered mental status
344
Tx hepatic encephalopathy
* restrict dietary protein
* lactulose-in GI it inhibits bacterial growth which decr NH3 production so is inactive NH4
* neomysin or flagyl/rifampin/vanco used more now
* acarboise, probiotics
345
hepatorenal syndrome
renal failue due to renal vasoconstriction during severe, uncompensated cirrhosis
* usually fatal
* *urine sodium is very low in this disorder
346
causes of hepatorenal syndrome
* diuretics, NSAIDS,aminoglycosides, IV contrast
* paracentesis
* GI bleed
* sepsis
347
Tx hepatorenal syndrome
careful volume management
| *midodrine - (alpha 1 agonist )plus octreotide (stimulates fluid absorption from GI)
348
prolonged prothrombin time in alcoholic
* malabsorption of vitamins, including vit K>prolonged PT
| * easily corrects with vit K IM
349
causes of ascites
* CHF,constrictive pericarditis
* cirrhosis,alcoholic hepatitis, fulminent hepatitis
* hepatic veno occlusive dz-incl Budd Chiari
* hypoalbuminemia,chylous ascites,pseudochylos
* myxedema,nephrogenic, pancreatic pseudocyst, duct obstr
350
cirrhosis induced ascites
*acidic fluid is resorbed via peritoneal surface at a max of 900cc/d so if draw off more than that its at the expense of intravascular volume
351
chylous ascites
*due to lymph blockage:trauma, tumors (esp lymphoma), TB, filariasis
352
Dx ascites
peritoneal fluid analysis,cellcounts, albumin, protein
353
coloration of peritoneal fluid
* bloody-consider tumor
* cloudy-infection
* milky-lymphatic obstruction
354
peritoneal fluid cell count >250 PMN
do C & S and start antibiotic
355
SAAG > 1.1 (serum ascites albumin gradient)
* low albumin
* portal HTN
* #1-cirrhosis, Budd Chiari syndrome
* RHF
* fulminant liver failure
* myxedema
356
SAAG <1.1
* high albumin
* no portal HTN
* TB peritonitis
* nephrotic syndrome
* pancreatitis
* peritoneal carcinomatosis
357
ascites protein level = or > 2.5
* RHF
* TB peritonitis, bacterial or fungal peritonitis
* nephrotic syndrome
* pancreatitis
* peritoneal carcinomatosis
358
ascites protein level <2.5
* cirrhosis, liver failure
* Budd Chiari
* SBP
* myxedema
359
spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP)
* peritoneal fluid >250 PMN
* e.coli, s.pneumoniae, klebsiella
* *may NOT have abdominal pain
360
ascites with any of following, consider SBP
* fever
* new onset confusion
* renal failure
* hepatic encephalopathy
361
risk factors for SBP
* acites protein <1.0
* hx variceal bleed
* hx prior SBP
* *those at risk need intermittent (preferred) or continuous antibiotic prophyl-Quinolone or bactrim
362
initial tx of new onset ascites or with severe refractory ascites
* can do up to 4 liters/d if renal function normal and no gi bleed, sepsis or encephalopathy. give 8gm albumin for each liter removed with large volume paracentesis
* give IV abx in life threatening ascites
363
hyperbilirubinemia
main finding in hereditary liver dz
* unconjugated bili too bound and complex too large for glomerulus
* conjugated less bound to albumin and 5% unbound easily passed into urine
364
bilirubinuria
only from conjugated hyperbilirubinemia=its an indication of cholestasis-see post op usually benign
365
unconjugated bili=indirect=no bili in urine
see above
366
Gilbert syndome
*7% population, chronic, benign, mild unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, jaundice on & off due to physical stress,fasting, and alcohol ingestion
*Dx:incr unconjug. bilirubin after prolonged fast
Tx-none needed
367
alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency
*autosomal recessive
*chronic hepatitis>cirrhosis
*Dx: electrophoresis
Tx: liver transplant-does NOT recur
368
2 types of hemochromotosis
* acquired
| * genetic
369
acquired hemochromotosis
* due to mult blood transfusions or iron loaded chronic anemia with secondary erythroporesis (sideroblastic anemia or thalassemia)
* most age 40-60
370
genetic hemochromatosis
HFE gene, autosomal recessive
371
symptomatic hemochromatosis
most in males (10X) due to menses in female with iron loss
372
both types of hemochromotosis see increased intestinal iron absorption>
*deposits in tissues>
fibrosis and organ damage>
heart, liver,pancreas, pituitary
373
clinical findings in hemochromotosis
* hepatomegaly 95%
* gray hyperpigmentation 90%
* secondary DM 65%-suspect >50y new diabetic
* arthropathy-esp 2nd & 3rd MCP joint wrist 40%
* secondary hypogonadism-depresses hypothal-pit axis
* 30% risk HCC in pt with cirrhosis
* heart involvement 15%
374
Dx hemochromatosis
* suggested by:high iron, high ferritin, high transferrin levels
* transferrin sat >45% most helpful
* confirm: liver bx and staging of fibrosis **do bx ferritin >1000
* confirm hereditary type: HFE gene assay
375
tx hemochromatosis
* if early-no cirrhosis>normal life w tx/monitoring
* initial tx-weekly phlebotomies then 4x/yr
* GOAL: ferritin 50-100
* most symptoms of dz return to near normal, loss of secondary sex characteristics do not return to normal
376
Wilson disease
* autosomal recessive
* present most age 15-25
* due to impaired excretion of copper into bile>excess copper in body tissue
377
S/S wilson disease
* liver disease
* neurologic/psych dysfxn in adolescent
* arthritis
* hemolysis
* *Kayser-Flescher rings-brown corneal ring PATHOGNOMONIC
378
Dx wilson disease
Screen: (
379
wilson dz treatment
* Phase I: decr copper level by chelation-penicillamine *Must give pyridoxine with this drug!! or tx trientine if pen. not tol,or give zinc
* Phase 2: maint w lower dose of above me
* liver transplant-CURES
* low copper diet
380
fulminent wilson disease
* severe hemolytic anemia
* high copper level due to release copper from liver
* *Penicillamine NOT effective
* ONLY TX: liver transplant
381
AVOID these foods in wilsons due to high copper content
NO: nuts,peas,chocolate,mushrooms, shellfish,liver
382
liver dz in pregnancy
*1st trim: hyperemesis gravidarum-mild incr AST/ALT,N/V &dehyd
*2nd trim:best time for GB surg if severe symptoms
*3rd trim:Hep E-fulminent hepatitis
Fatty liver of pregnancy-very serious,microvasc fat deposit in liver as in Reye's syndrome
383
Fatty liver of pregnancy presentation
* modest incr AST/ALT/bili, hypoglycemia,renal failure
* encephalopathy
* pre eclampsia,pancreatitis
* DIC
* *Must deliver the baby
384
Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
* causes itching
| * incr alk phos, incr bili, incr AST/ALT
385
contraindications-absolute-to liver transplant
* pre-existing advanced or uncontrolled non liver disease
* active drug or alcohol abuse
* life-threatening systemic disease
* metastatic cancer
* many relative contraind-especially advanced age
386
indicators seen in end stage chronic liver disease
* bilirubin 10-15, albumin 3-5s above normal
* intractable pruritis, hepatic encephalopathy
* bacterial peritonitis
* intractable ascites
* development of HCC
387
DDX jaundice
* viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver dz,gallstones & complications
* sickle cell dz, PBC, PSC
* drug induced, chronic hepatitis, pancreatic cancer
* gilbert syndrome
* ascariasis-esp recent foreign travel & incr eosinophil count
388
most with jaundice fall into 3 main groups
* acute viral hepatitis-esp
389
work up of jaundice: careful history, liver panel, ultrasound with U/S results determining next step as below
* dilated ducts & stones: ERCP
* dilated duct to pancreas & no stone: CT scan
* dilated intrahepatic ducts: CT scan
* dilated duct to r/o PSC: MRCP
* no dilated ducts: liver biopsy
390
deficiency of water soluable vitamins B,C and mg++ causes
* muscle stiffness and cramps
| * crohns patient may see tetany
391
zinc deficiency
* acrodermatitis
| * poor wound healing
392
copper deficiency
*hypochromic, microcytic anemia
393
vit k deficiency
* bleeding
| * prolonged PT
394
selenium deficiency
* myalgias
* cardiomyopathy
* hemolytic anemia
395
chromium deficiency
* glucose intolerance
| * peripheral neuropathy
396
vitamin B1 deficiency (thiamine): beriberi
* usually alcoholic or chronic dialysis patient
* WET beriberi:heart failure,ascites,peripheral edema common
* DRY:peripheral neuropathy (symmetric sensory, motor or reflex loss), wernicke encephalopathy, Korsakoff syndrome
397
Wernicke encephalopathy symptoms
* vomiting
* nystagmus
* ophthalmoplegia
* ataxia
* mental deterioration
398
Tx wernicke encephalopathy
* medical emergency
* immed. thiamine 50mg IM or IV daily
* glucose may precipitate it so see in closet drinker who comes in sick and give glucose and develop symptoms
* thiamine usually cures this
399
Korsakoff Syndrome symptoms
* confabulation
* poor recent memory and learning
* only 50% reversible with thiamine and only 25% fully recover
400
vitamin B2 ribaflavin
*normocytic normochomic anemia
*sore throat with hyperemic mucosa and glossitis
*cheilosis, angular stomatitis
*seborrheic dermatitis-esp perineal and scrotal
Tx reverses symptoms
401
Vit B6-pyridoxine
rare
* general malabsorption syndromes
* chronic alcoholic, Meds : INH, cycloserine, penicillamine
* symptoms: seizures, vomiting, glossitis, cheilosis
402
vit B12
* macrocytic anemia
* smooth tongue
* subacute,combined degen. of sp cord-initial pin-needles then decrease vibration and proprioception stocking glove
* dementia
403
Niacin (nicotinic acid) causes pellagra
not vitamin, made in body from tryptophan
* is in grain so rare
* see deficiency in carcinoid (uses tryptophan) and INH tx
404
S/S pellegra
* 3 Ds: dementia, diarrhea,dermatitis
* glossitis-"bald tongue". stomatitis
* some may have hyperpigmentation
405
vitamin C-ascorbic acid-scurvy, symptoms
* petechial hemorrhage and ecchymosis first then
* hyperkeratotic papules around hair follicles
* sjogren syndrome,hemorrhage into muscle and joint, purpura
* splinter hemorrhages
* child:bone formation and intracerebral hemorrhage
406
vitamin A deficiency
* major cause of blindness in developing countries
| * night blindness -earliest symptom***
407
vitamin D deficiency
* rickets in children
* osteomalacia in adults
* causes decr absorb calcium from gut>decr resorp from kidney & stimulates release PTH to incr gut absorb & leech it from bone
408
main causes of vit D deficiency
* decr production in skin-less sun exp.,elderly decr synthesis
* kidney disease
* decr intestinal absorption-decr dietary intake, steatorrhea
409
vitamin E - antioxidant
rare
*fat malabsorption and deficiency other fat soluble vitamins
*S/S:areflexia
decr vibration and position sense
410
hypervitaminosis A
* *EATING POLAR BEAR LIVER
| * chronic ingestion of 25,000u/d: arthralgia,anorexia,dry skin, hairloss, low grade fever, hepatosplenomegaly
411
enteric feeding vs TPN
*enteric feeding is better option
412
simple clues to malnutrition
* IBW <6 female)
| * greater than 10% wt loss in 6 months
413
23 yo male w intermittent dysphagia, after swallows large amount of food-esp big bite of steak.never with liquids. occurs 1-2 times a month then goes away. no active heartburn symptoms. whats next approp. test in diagnosis
*upper endoscopy
| anatomic obstructive symptoms
414
68 yo female difficulty swallowing. 4 mo ago trouble with big pieces of food,now difficult with thick liquids. 10# weight loss,due to lack appetite. no GERD. + tobacco 80 pack years.Exam normal except pale. likely etiology?
squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus
415
42 y/o male difficulty swallow solid food. began 3 yr ago,at first with steak large pieces not chewed well.gradual worsening needs to chew careful and lots water.no wt loss. no fever, noc sweats.no N/V or abd pain.no smoke, no alcohol. Dx?
peptic stricture
416
28 y/o female long hx alternating diarrhea & constipation. not progressive. diffuse lower abd cramping w the loose stools. worse with stress. colonoscopy 1 yr ago normal.eats alot fast foods.exam normal. next step?
reassure pt and start high-fiber diet and referral for stress management clinic
Irritable bowel syndrome
417
30 y/o male for routine exam. no c/o.PMH -, no bad habits. dad with colon ca age 55,paternal uncle colon ca age 42, brother age 35 w mult polyps on recent colonoscopy. what to recommend?
colonoscopy now
concern Hereditary non-polyposis (lynch) syndrome
418
25 y/o female w 3 yr hx diarrhea & abd camping, worse w stress.diarrhea can wake her, tried high fiber & dicyclomine-no help. hx (-) exan -neg except some fullness and tencer RLQ.at colonoscopy, normal exc at R colon-shallow ulcers. ileum edematous w shallow ulcers. Bx-chronic inflam & ulcer. Tx
Dx-crohns
Tx-mesalamine 400mg po TID
419
60 y/o female -sudden onset cramping abd pain in lower abd assoc with passing several maroon stools. pain severe but intermittent. began 4 hours ago. no prior similar. PMH: CAD w stents. daily aspirin, no smoke x 20 yrs no alcohol. exam (-)except mild tender LLQ.lab mild edema. next test?
Dx-ischemic colitis
Test-flex sig
420
29 y/o female long hx crohns sudden onset RUQ pain during noc.pain x 1 hour now gone, no hx of similar pain. hx resection R colon & terminal ileum 7 yr ago, 5 yr ago documented recur ileum dz recur. exam normal but mild RUQ tender, labs ok. what next?
gallbladder ultrasound
421
35 y/o/ male new diarrhea x 3 days. watery at first then bloody too. assoc abd cramps, some N/V. PMH only + for freq fast food meals. exam-mild dehydr, mild tender RLQ. Hgb 16, WBC 12k. stool studies, culture + E.coli 0157:H7, others pending. what antibiotic do recommend?
No antibiotic - contraindicated with this infection
422
40 y/o female w chronic heartburn & diarrhea x 2 years.omeprazole some heartburn relief. 5-6 loose BM/day and some epigastric discomf. EGD grade III esophagitis, mult shallow ulcers duod. bulb and 2nd portion duodenum.what recommended?
order fasting serum gastrin after stopping omeprazole X 7 days
Dx: Z-E syndrome
423
68 y/o female c/o weakness and fatigue X 2 mo.only other symptom is DOE. Hx unremarkable . only med estrogen. exam-some paleness, stool brown and heme+ Hgb 9.6, MCV 72, liver-wnl. what to order next?
colonoscopy
Dx iron def anemia
424
36 y/o male new patient to est care. no complaints. PMH dx as teen w familial polyposis coli, his dad and brother have it also.age 20 he had total abdominal colectomy w ileorectostomy and has done well since. 4 BMs daily since the surgery. exam normal. you get flex sig-10 polyps residual rectum-adenomatous, next?
upper endoscopy
425
24 y/o female malaise 2-3 mo. no meds,PMH (-)ros otherwise -. exam normal except + hepatomegaly and slight tender. Lab: AST 1020, ALT 1220, bili 1.0, alk phos 120.other tests come back for hepatitis screen : +HCV Ab positive, anti sm musc + 1:250,antimitochondrial antibody + 1:40. liver Bx-chronic active hepatitis. next best tx?
start oral prednisone and azathioprine 50mg/d
Dx: autoimmune hepatitis
426
60 y/o female acute RUQ pain and fever.prior episode lasting less than 30 minutes. pain now for 2 hours. No meds or PMH.exam:tender RUQ, alk phos 400, total bili 3.0, AST 120, ALT 110. ultrasound, many stones,and dilated bile duct with several apparent stones. you start antibiotic, what next?
ERCP-urgent
Dx-acute cholangitis
427
17 y/o female w chronic abd pain , colicky in RLQ.she has no weight gain for 1 year and has delayed puberty. exam-pale, thin, no secondary sex chara, abd slight distended, mild tender RLQ w palp loop of bowel, stool is heme+, w RBC & WBC. stool cultures are negative. what to do to confirm diagnosis?
upper and lower endoscopy with mucosa biopsy
Dx: crohn disease, must have biopsy dx
428
16 y/o male with flu and jaundice. history of "doing this all the time"when ill. father and uncle do the same. indirect bili is 4. rest labs are normal. next step?
reassure this is benign condition
Dx Gilbert syndrome
429
60 y/o white male w dysphagia. for 2 years to solid and liquids. slightly progressive. some noc regurgitation .omeprazole no help. PMH:CAD, EF 20%, cardiomyopathy, copd. Upper GI -dilated esophagus that tapered at junction to stomach. EGD-same. dilated esoph. w retained food,no mass effect. best tx?
botox injection into the LES
Dx: seriously chronically ill patient with achalasia
430
40 y/o female w scleroderma. new onset dysphagia, gradually worse past 6 months.dysphagia to bread and meats. never for liquids. no other complaints, no other PMH. exam as expected for scleroderma. what to recommend?
EGD and dilate if narrowed area of esophagus
Dx scleroderma and esophageal stricture
431
28 y/o recent develop acne, he started on doxycycline and now has sudden onset of pain with swallowing anything for 2 days. exam normal and no signif history than above.what do you recommend ?
supportive care
DX: pill esophagitis
432
60 y/o male long hx reflux symptoms, mostly controlled on PPI. also has adult onset asthma thats more bothersome. asthma for 20 years less responsive to inhalers and prednisone. upper GI-small hiatal hernia and reflux. EGD-linear esophageal erosion. what tests recommended?
evaluate for antireflux surgery
433
55 y/o male several month hx upper abd discomfort and fullness, freq belches. no hx of similar. has been on pepcid bid for 8 weeks. PMH: HTN, on ACE. No asa or NSAIDS. exam-benign. Upper GI:gastric ulcer w benign appearance. next step?
EGD now
** eval ulcers that occur on H2 and age 55 or older
434
35 y/o female, dx crohns age 19. one resection of cecum & terminal ileum age 23. prednisone x 2 in past 5 years. 2-3 soft BM daily, occassional abd cramps. mesalamine 2.4gm/d. ROS otherwise -.colonoscopy 1 yr ago-recur dz at anastamosis, 15cm into ileum. next step?
bone mineral density now
crohns predisposes to early onset osteoporosis
435
40 y/o male dx ulcerative colitis age 25. 1-2 flares a year, not seen doctor past 5 years. colonoscopy 5 yr ago- UC entire colon. other hx and exam are normal.what recommend?
start sulfasalazine 2 gm/day
436
70 y/o female w 6 mo hx watery diarrhea.assoc mild cramping and abd pain, never wakes at noc for BM or pain.PMH-hypothyroid. lab and stool workup were normal. stool output was 500g/day. what test to order now?
colonoscopy with biopsy
microscopic colitis
437
32 y/o male est as new patient. dx age 19 familial polyposis coli and total colectomy & ileorectostomy age 19. 3 BM/d. no symptoms.has flex sig with removal of mult small adenomatous polyps. EGD-mult large polyps body and fundus stomach.duodenum mult tiny, white plaques=adenoms,what now?
repeat EGD in 1-2 years
438
25 y/o college student to ER p passing large, bloody maroon stool. 3rd time in 2 years. 6 mo ago needed 4 unit RBC.colonoscopy then was normal.EGD normal, upper GI negative. now hgb 8.8,HR120 BP 90/60 what next?
has had 99m tech. pertechnetate scan and confirms dx. now need surgery
Dx:Meckels diverticulum
439
65 y/o female w fatigue x 2 months, no other symptoms. no nsaids or aspirin, exam normal except heme + stools. Hgb 7.8, MCV 65. EGD is normal, colonoscopy attempted, not adequate exam of colon, tortuous. what next?
air contrast barium enema
signif risk of colon cancer-need to evaluate entire colon
440
27 y/o female recent dx ulcerative colitis with 3 month hx rectal bleeding, abd cramps and diarrhea. started on mesalamine with some improvement, 3 wk later severe epigastric pain radiate to back. N/V. ER>dx pancreatitis,tx and mesalamine stopped ,home.2 wk later to ER with same but lesser degree of pain.amylase and lipase in 300 range. what do you recommend?
tx conservative measures, bowel rest and IV fluids
*management of pancreatic cyst
441
68 y/o ICU x 2 wk,elective resect colon ca cecum, aspiration pneum.,resp failure/vent> acute RF,prolonged ileus>TPN for nutrition. antibiotic, abdomen distended. afebile x 1 week, now temp 102. U/S abdomen-GB wall thickening and sm amt fluid around GB, AST 110,ALT 90 Bili 1.6 next step?
has acalculous cholecystitis, interventional radiology to place a percutaneous cholecystostomy drainage tube
442
60 y/o prior rock n roller, went to donate blood, told may have hepatitis, no complaints or symptoms. IVDU 20 yr ago. no other health problems. beer on sunday only. exam normal except tatoos. LFT wnl, HCV antibody +, HBsurface antigen -, HBcore -. 2 week recheck LFT are again normal. recommend/
no tx at this time
Dx hep C
443
24 y/o male to ER w symptoms of esophageal food impaction for 2 hr p ate chicken. salivating and spitting frothy secretions. cant drink water without regurgitation. this is his 4th episode. exam, lab, CXR all normal. next step?
GI consult for EGD to remove food bolus
444
70 y/o asian male , no doc for 20 years, presents to you with not eating and weight loss. progressive difficulty swallowing, 6 mo ago could swallow soft, now difficulty with liquids as well. long history of smoking and alcohol use.exam-muscle wasting. hgb 10, MCV 72, barium swallow: 3cm segment severe narrow distal esoph. what next step?
refer to GI for EGD
| at risk of squamous cell carcinoma
445
70 y/o w hematemesis & melena. started one hour ago.no prior hx or similar.takes NSAIDS for OA. was 100/60, HR 120, given IV fluids and now 130/80, HR 96. exam normal except NG tube with coffee ground material, hgb 10, EGD 2 cm ulcer in antral ares, raised protuberance in crater, clot and large volume blood in fundus, several non bleeding erosions in antrum and duodenum. next step in management?
endoscopic treatment with a heater probe to visible vessel
*visible vessels need intervention!!
446
60 y/o w diarrhea x 2 yrs.extensive w/up negative.colonoscopy neg x 2 , 6 watery stools/d, progressive over 2 years. 3 days ago nausea and profuse vomiting, no meds, no PMH. exam negative. EGD done-severe ulcer esophagitis w large volume secretions in stomach. pH 1.0 mult ulcers duod. incl descending duod. fasting gastrin 5000. CT negative, next step?
endoscopic ultrasound
Has Z-E syndrome
447
30 y/o female long standing crohns. 3 yr ago 24" of ileum and cecum removed. on mesalamine.no eval x 3 yrs.now 2 mo hx of intermittent RLQ pain and loose stools. exam tender RLQ but no mass. LFT & CBC normal. likely diagnosis?
exacerbation of crohns=classic presentation after ileal resection
448
35 y/o female belching and indigestion-substernal discomfort lasting all day, no regurg. for 2 years and progressive, belching constantly and abd distention. BMs are normal. on PPI BID x 1 month and no help. prior EGD and pH monitor were normal. no other symptoms or history. what to do next?
psychiatric referral or anti anxiety med
Dx aerophagia
449
27 y/o female w crohns x 5 yr.hosp now with 3rd episode of small bowel obstr in past 6 months. fiber worsens and distends abd. colonoscopy 1 yr ago no active crohn, terminal ileum stenotic and could not pass scope into ileum. sm bowel series> tight 10 cm area distal ileum. Best plan of action?
refer for surgical resection of terminal ileum
450
25 y/o female with ulcerative colitis for 5 years, presents 8 weeks pregnant. past colonoscopy dx distal disease=proctosigmoiditis, 2-3 flares a year. has been on incr dose mesalamine 3.2 gm/d with fewer flares. all else negative. best tx now pregnant?
continue mesalamine at current dose
451
16 y/o male to ER w 3 day hx diarrhea initally watery now bloody. vomiting for last 1 day. abd cramps and discomfort. no hx of similar. Hx unremarkable. exam: skin turgor decr, dry mucous membr., slight abd distention and mild right abd tenderness. WBC 14.5, stool + e.colo 0157:H7 at risk of what complication?
hemolytic uremic syndrome
452
40 y/o with acute diarrhea and for about 1 year but getting worse, 6 watery, occ foul smelling stools/d. hx negative except travel to Mexico 6 mo ago and 2 yrs in Indonesia.Lab: hgb 13, MCV 108 B12 normal. folate depressed significantly. O & P negative. what appropriate tx?
trial of tetracycline
tropical sprue
453
55 y/o female onset mod-severe abd cramping and maroon, bloodys stools ,abd tender to palpation LLQ and incr bowel sounds, IV fluids given, sigmoidoscopy: nl rectum, 25cm from anus, abrupt transition to edema, purple mucosa thats circumferential. best tx based on these findings
IV metronidazole
Ischemic colitis
454
78 y/o female with recent flagyl tx for c. diff toxin, but n/v with flagyl and didnt complete tx. now with same symptoms and + fecal leukocytes and + c. diff toxin. what appropriate tx?
vancomycin 250mg po QID x 14 days
455
50 y/o male to ER with c/o passing 3 large maroon stools, no pain or cramping, exam normal. takes asa daily. no other health problems . VSS . Most likely cause?
diverrticulosis- ** painless maroon stool
456
24 y/o with intermittent diarrhea for 3 years, alternating with constipation. mild abdominal cramps. beer on weekends, 2 glassed milk each day. no other problems or history. best plan of action
trial of lactose-free, sorbitol-free diet
457
35 y/o female with constipation since college. otc laxatives some relief . 2 BMs a week,but hard pass. some abd distention. history entirely negative. labs normal. barium enema-few diverticula in sigmoid colon. what intervention ?
regimen of fiber supplementation and increased water intake
constipation
458
60 y/o with 3 episodes of melana, negative workup 3 yr ago. now 2 day of dark, tarry stool, never maroon stools. father and uncle with recurrent GI bleeding, patient had recur epistaxis in his 20s. exam: telectasias lips and fingertips, nasalmucosa,stool heme+. endoscopy 4 well defined AV malform in stomach & same duodenum. colonoscopy - except diverticulosis, no AVMs. DX?
Osler-weber-rendu syndrome
459
24 y/o male with 2 day hx severe N/V/D and fever. pmh otherwise negative. does eat raw oysters 1 week ago and 3 beers/wk. exam fairly benign but + scleral icterus. labs all normal except total bili 4.0 likely cause of jaundice?
Gilberts syndrome
460
man calls ER and says his family of 4 including himself have all gotten sick in past hour with profuse vomiting, some now with diarrhea and abd cramping, no fevers. teens ate fast food lunch, all went for chinese dinner. mom threw bad mayo away yesterday, likely cause of their illness?
food poisoning with B. cereus- see with ingestion infected fried rice so chinese they all ate is the cause
461
54 y/o rocker w 10 yr hx hep C, tx interferon x6mo,no f/up since.no c/o except occ weakness.hx otherwise negative. exam liver and spleen enlg,trace ascites, no edema.lab:ptl 98k,bili 2, ast 56,alt 50,INR 1.1.EGD-large, grade 4 esoph varices,some w red markings,no bleed,stomach eryth mosaic pattern, next?
initiate propranolol and titrate dose until pt HR
462
55 y/o male for health check, no complaints, no meds. screening colonoscopy w 1.2cm polyp snared, bx tubular adenoma w low-grade dysplasia. when needs follow up colonoscopy?
3 years
463
22 y/o male w negative history,complains of turning yellow, noticed yellowing in eyes yesterday. today skin turning yellow. no other complaints. drinks 12-18 beers on weekends. exam: scleral icterus, liver enlarged,slight tender, spleen tip palpable. Lab: anti HAV IgM positive whats diagnosis?
acute hepatitis A
464
NOT an indication for colonoscopy
bright red blood on toilet paper in 19 yr old college student
465
lab that indicates hepatitis B infection that has resolved?
```
HBsAg (-)
HBcAb IgG (+)
HBs Ab (+)
```
466
cause of diarrhea that will typically have fecal leukocytes
shigella
467
4 people who were at picnic all get sick about same time with sudden onset severe N/V then profuse diarrhea and severe weakness. they all ate multiple mayo based foods brought by various people, 2 went swimming in local creek. all got sick about 4 hours after eating.afebrile, Hr 140 BP 80/40. IVF given, next?
staph aureus food poisoning
no antibiotic tx indicated
supportive care
468
anti HAV IgM looks for
acute hepatitis A
469
HBsAg looks for
acute infection and chronic carrier states
470
anti HBc IgM looks for
acute infection in the "window"
471
anti HBc IgG looks for
if the person has been infected with hep B in the past
| **does not tell if person is still infected
472
Hepatitis C antibody
tells if person has been infected w hepatitis C
| **does not tell you if chronic C or if resolved
473
remember there is no chronic form of
hepatitis A
474
extrahepatic manifestations of Hepatitis B
* polyarteritis nodosa-multisyst dz w foot drop or wrist drop
* arthritis
* glomerulonephritis
* urticaria
* mixed cryoglobulinemia, polyneuropathy
475
extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitisC
* mixed cryoglobulinemia
* leukocytoclastic vasculitis, porphyria cutanea tarda-blister/scar on sun exposed areas,arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome
* membranoproliferative GN type 1
* lymphocytic sialadenitis
476
most common cause of acute hepatitis and jaundice in the WORLD
hepatitis E
477
tx of ascites
* low Na intake(1-2gm/d), water restrict if Na1 in urine suggests effective dose
* diuretic resistant ascites-large volume paracentesis, TIPS
478
Budd Chiari syndrome
*cause:hepatic venous outflow tract obstruction (hepatic vein or suprahepatic IVC) due to :50%myloproliferative disorder, Bechets, antiphos antibody syndr., OCPs, invasion or compression from malignancy
479
causes of toxigenic diarrhea
* staph aureus-1-6hr incubation, tx supportive
* c. perfringens-only diarrhea,7-16hr incub-supportive tx
* E coli-travelers-watery diarrhea, tx empiric-cipro or azith 1 gm
* bacillus cereus-contaminated fried rice-vomit,diarrhea-support
* vibrio cholera-severe watery diarrhe-doxycycline 300mg singledose
* giardia-hikers drink contam. water, acute-diarrhea, cramps. wt loss. chronic-steatorrhea. tx flagyl or tinidazole 2gm single dose
480
shigella
cipro 750mg daily x 3 days or azith 500mg daily x 3 days
481
campylobacter
azith 500mg daily x 3 days
482
nontyphoid salmonella
watery diarrhea or bloody with fever
* tx only if age65,on steroids, IBD, immunosuppressed, hemoglobinopathies, hemodialysis, aortic aneurysm, prosthetic heart valve
483
e.coli 0:157:H7 or non -O157
* no fever, Hemolytic uremic syndrome
* dx: shiga toxin 1 & 2 in stools, stool culture
* tx supportive only
484
vibrio parahaemolyticus
shellfish and seafood, tx as shigella
485
vibrio vulnificus
* raw oysters,shellfish,seafood
* incr risk with chronic liver disease
* tx : doxycycline plus 3rd gen ceph.
486
amoeba
* stool antigen best Dx test
* may mimic UC, sigmoidoscopy w bx of colon ulcer edge may show organism
* tx:flagyl 7-10days followed by paromomycin or diiodohydroxyquin
487
yersinia enterocolitica
* watery or bloody diarrhea
* pseudo appendicitis picture
* tx cipro
488
42 y/o male no symptoms, has mild hepatmagaly and elevated liver enz . Lab AST70, ALT 120, GGTP 150, nl a phos, hepatitis neg, chol 280, TG 450, HDL 30. abdominal u/s incr echogenicity consist w fatty infiltrate, liver bx:steatosis, infiltr PMNs, hepatocyte ballooning, spotty necrosis & mallory hyaline. DX?
non alcoholic steatohepatitis
489
30 y/o male w 6 mo of abd discomfort, flatulence, bloat, diarrhea, wt loss. exam:vesicular erup both elbows, Lab hgb 10, MCV 70,serum iron 20, TIBC 500 (incr), ferritin 8 (15-200) what to order next?
IGA antiendomysial and or anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody
490
27 y/o admit w acute pancreatitis. 4 days later worsening abd pain and high fever. CT scan:severe pancreatic necrosis, CT guided needle aspir shows gram negative organism on gram stain . what is recommended now
IV antibiotic plus insertion of ct guided percutaneous drain tube
491
36 y/o female with longstanding ulcerative colitis on sulfasalazine for 8 years, now c/o wt loss, jaundice, RUQ pain , pruritis. Labs: AST 60, ALT 56, bili 10, alk phos 840. ultrasound abd normal. best test to confirm dx?
ERCP or MRCP
492
52 y/o white female on routine exam has this lab: alk phos 500, GGT 300, chol 400, normal AST,ALT,bili. hx of excess itching, no other complaints. abd ultrasound negative. what test to confirm her diagnosis?
antimitochondrial antibody
493
68 y/o male w 1 day hx fever, chills, RUQ abd pain. exam: T 103, RUQ tender, no rebound. Lab: WBC 15K, AST 150, ALT 160, alk phos 400, sonogram and CT show dilated common bile duct and no gallstones. blood cultures done and started on antibiotics. what now recommended?
ERCP w possible sphincterotomy
494
49 y/o male presents w incr abd girth for few months, Hx hepatitis 10 yrs ago. exam:tense ascites, Lab: albumin 3.2,AST 80, ALT 76, alk phos 68, abd paracentesis clear fluid w 10 mononuclear cells, total protein 2.0, albumin 1.5. whats most likely cause of his ascites?
cirrhosis with portal hypertension
495
52 y/o female w progressive dysphagia both solid and liquids w choking/cough at nite, intermittent regurg of undigested food and wt loss. started 1 yr ago and has lost 30#. hx occ chest discomfort, not relieved w antacids, CXR shows widened mediastinum. likely diagnosis?
achalasia
496
32 y/o alcoholic male presents w 4 hour severe retrosternal CP. pain worse w breathing and swallow. auscultation over LSB-superficial crackling, EKG normal, CXR-left pleural effusion and air in the mediastinum. best way to confirm diagnosis?
gastrograffin swallow study
497
32 y/o male w severe epigastric pain radiating to back, N/V, fever and chills few hours. exam: T 103, epigastric & RUQ tender, hypoactive bowel sounds, lipase & amylase markedly increased. ultrasound-gallstones & dilated common bile duct. he is started on IVF, antibiotic and NG suction. you also recommend
ERCP and sphincterotomy within 24 hours and cholecystectomy prior to discharge from the hospital.
498
32 y/o female long hx ulcerative colitis on sulf. for many years, is now having severe bloody diarrhea, marked weakness, fever, abd pain. exam: T 102, HR 110, 110/70,abd distended w diffuse tender, sigmoidoscopy-friable colonic mucosa w sev. ulcers. tx IV hydrocortisone, NG tube, antibiotics, 48 hr later still same symptoms, repeat xray abdomen shows transverse colon dilated to 10 cm, was 7 cm initially. what to do now?
total colectomy
499
44 y/o female w chronic diarrhea and wt loss. 4-5 bulky foul smelling stools/day. hx of crohns mor than 100cm sm. bowel resected about 2 yr ago. stool fat is 20gm/24hours and sed rate is normal. what to recommend now?
low fat diet and add medium chain triglycerides to diet
500
72 y/o male admit CCU w anteroseptal MI, he develops a. fib needing cardioversion. 4 days after admit sudden onset severe colicky abd pain w vomiting. exam-diffuse abd tender and distended. xray-few distended loops. stools + occult blood. WBC 12K, amylase 300. now recommend?
abdominal angiogram
501
40 y/o female w elevated bilirubin. she was admit w acute appy w emerg. appendectomy 3 days ago, still NPO on IVF and clinda and gent. no abd pain Lab: bili 5, indirect 4.2, other liver tests normal. no blood transfusions . now recommend?
no further dx tests
502
38 y/o male c recur epig. pain & chronic diarrhea. long hx PUD , partial gastrectomy w Bilroth II one yr ago. upperGI - stomal ulcer and hypertrophy of gastric folds. H pylori negative. fasting serum gastrin 500, after IV secretin, gastrin 900.
* diarrhea d/t inactivation of pancreatic lipase due to high acid production
* CT scan likely to show pancreatic tumor
* hypercalcemia may be assoc w this disorder
503
80 y/o w left sided abd pain and recur bright red rectal bleeding for 2 days, exam: left side tender, no rebound. abd xray-thumb printing in descending colon. sigmoidoscopy-friable colonic mucosa w mult ulceration. WBC 11K. now recommend?
continued close observation
504
70 y/o hosp x 2 days w fever, LLQ abd pain, constipation. exam: T101, tender LLQ w localized rebound in area. WBC 15K, amylase normal. abd xray-nonspecific bowel gas, no free air, now recommend?
ct scan abdomen, IVF, antibiotics
505
52 y/o w 5 yr hx of pernicious anemia now 2 wk hx epigastric discomfort after eating. on B12 IM monthly. Lab: +serum antibody to parietal cell and intrinsic factor. fasting gastrin level 3400.
* high gastrin levels are due to achlorhydria due to atrophic gastritis
* higher incidence of developing gastric carcinoma and gastric carcinoid in this patient
506
true statements about H. pylori
* major factor in cause of PUD
* ulcer recurrences can be more effectively prevented by eradication of this organism than by continuous acid suppression
507
true statements about NSAID use
* they increase risk of bleeding in patient w ulcer disease
* concomitant steroid use increases the risk of toxicity
* NSAID induced gastric toxicity can be prevented by concomitant use of misoprostol
508
true statements about spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
* more common in ascites w total protein content 250
| * blood cultures are positive in <50%
509
alpha interferon has been found to be effective in the treatment of these forms of chronic hepatitis
hepatitis B,C,D
510
seen in the majority of patients with ulcerative colitis
rectal involvement
511
ulcerative proctitis is best treated by
local steroid or 5-ASA enemas
512
in patients with ulcerative pancolitis of >8 yrs duration, surveillance colonoscopy w mucosal biopsies shoud be done every
1-2 years
513
travellers diarrhea is most commonly caused by
enterotoxigenic E. coli
514
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (0157:H7) may cause
hemolytic uremic syndrome
515
Bacillus cereus is assoc with ingestion of
fried rice
516
Vibrio parahemolyticus is assoc w ingestion of
uncooked shellfish
517
true statements about malabsorption syndrome
* fecal fat >40gms suggests pancreatic insufficiency
* bacterial overgrowth causes malabsorption by deconjugation of bile salts.
* malabsorption in patients with extensive small bowel resection occurs due to loss of bile salts
GI
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