Gastroenterology causes Flashcards
1
Q
Causes of pill-induced esophagitis
A
- Aspirin/ NSAIDs
- Tetracycline/ doxycycline
- Potassium chloride (KCl)
- Bisphosphonates
- Quinidine
- Iron
- Vitamin C
- Kayexalate
2
Q
Causes of dyspepsia (drugs)
A
- Steroids
- Calcium channel blockers
- Theophyllines
- Nitrates
- Bisphosphonates
- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
3
Q
Causes of post-bulbar ulcerations
A
- Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
- Crohn’s disease
- Ischemia
- Malignancy
4
Q
Drugs that cause hepatotoxicity
A
- Isoniazid, pyrazinamide, rifampicin
- Methotrexate, ciclosporin
- Phenytoin, sodium valproate
- Pioglitazone, sulfonylureas
- Amiodarone
5
Q
Causes of very high liver enzymes
A
- Ischemic
- Viral
- Drugs
- Autoimmune
6
Q
Raised alkaline phosphatase
A
- Liver: cholestasis, hepatitis, fatty liver, neoplasia
- Paget’s disease
- Osteomalacia
- Bone metastases
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Renal failure
- Physiological: pregnancy, growing children, healing fractures
7
Q
Raised ALP and raised calcium
A
- Bone metastases
- Hyperparathyroidism
8
Q
Raised ALP and low calcium
A
- Osteomalacia
- Renal failure
9
Q
Drugs causing pancreatitis
A
- Azathioprine
- Sodium valproate
- Corticosteroids
- Thiazides, furosemide
- Mesalazine
- Didanosine (Antiretroviral therapy)
10
Q
Medications that can delay gastric emptying and promote reflux
A
- Calcium channel blockers
- Antihistamines
- Narcotics
- Tricyclic antidepressants
- Anticholinergics
11
Q
Conditions associated with an elevated gastrin level
A
- Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
- Vitiligo
- Renal failure
- Hyperthyroidism
- Achlorhydria caused by PPI use or chronic Type A gastritis
- Pernicious anemia
- Chronic gastritis
12
Q
Causes of jejunal villous atrophy
A
- Coeliac Disease
- Tropical Sprue
- Whipple’s Disease
- Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID)
- Small Intestine Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO)
13
Q
Causes of villous blunting
A
- Autoimmune enteropathy
- Certain medications
- Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
- Small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO)
- Collagenous sprue
- Tropical sprue
- Lymphoma
- Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
- Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID)
- Eosinophilic enteritis
- Whipple disease
- Giardiasis infection
- Radiation exposure
- HIV infection
14
Q
Complications of fat malabsorption
A
- Vitamin B12 deficiency (due to the necessity of pancreatic enzymes for absorption)
- Vitamin K deficiency leading to easy bruising, elevated prothrombin time, or INR
- Hypocalcemia from vitamin D deficiency
- Oxalate overabsorption leading to oxalate kidney stones
- Osteoporosis
15
Q
Causes of a raised faecal calprotectin
A
- Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
- Bowel malignancy
- Coeliac disease
- Infectious colitis
- Use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
