Gastrointestinal Flashcards
(24 cards)
Cholecystitis
(how to diagnose & treatment)
- Inflammation of the gallbladder
- Ultrasound will show an enlarged/irritated gallbladder
- Tx: chronic antibiotic therapy (amoxicillin and enrofloxacin) or cholecystectomy
Spontaneous rupture of the gall bladder (secondary to? presenting complaint? Treatment?)
- Usually secondary to cholecystitis or biliary mucocele that ruptured
- Will present with abdominal pain and icterus (bile spilled into peritoneum)
- Tx: cholecystectomy and aggressive antimicrobial therapy
What is a biliary mucocele?
Excessive mucus is secreted in the gall bladder and becomes solid and occludes common bile duct (causing post-hepatic hyperbilirubinemia)
Biliary mucocele treatment
Cholecystectomy (ideally before rupture!!)
Canine parvovirus (pathophysiology, prevention and transmission)
- Virus destroys rapidly diving cells (intestinal crypt cells)
- Prevention via DAPP vaccine
- Spread fecal oral
Canine parvovirus clinical signs and diagnosis
- leukopenia, fever, severe diarrhea (often bloody), anorexia
- fecal ELISA
Canine parvovirus treatment
IV fluids, antibiotics (IV broad spectrum), gastroprotectants (PPI, H2, sucralfate), anti-emetics
PREVENTION KEY
Constipation treatment
- DSS (docusate sodium/ senna)
- Soap/water enema
- KY jelly enema
- Stool softeners like laxatone, lactulose, polyethylene glycol 3350
- Increase fiber intake
Persistent deciduous teeth is common in ___ breeds
toy/small
How to differentiate uncomplicated vs complicated dental fractures?
Uncomplicated- damage is limited to enamel and dentin
Complicated- damage exposes endodontic system and root
Most common location of esophageal foreign bodies
thoracic inlet, base of heart, diaphragm (places of esophageal narrowing)
Most common esophageal foreign bodies in dogs vs cats
Dogs- bones
Cats- toys, sewing needles
Esophagitis (how to diagnose and treat)
Diagnose via endoscopy + biopsy
Treat with sucralfate, H2 antagonist, PPI, Prokinetics (like metoclopramide and cisapride to encourage gastric emptying)
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency pathophysiology (main cause for dogs vs cats)
Inadequate synthesis and secretion of digestive enzymes the pancreas. Results in lack of nutrient absorption.
Dogs- pancreatic acinar atrophy
Cats- chronic pancreatitis
EPI clinical signs
Polyphagia, diarrhea, weight loss, yellow/gray feces
EPI diagnosis
TLI will be low (less than 5 ug/l)
EPI treatment
Exogenous pancreatic enzyme supplementation
Low-fiber diet (fiber can interfere with enzymes)
Gastric dilation/volvulus signalment (who is most at risk?)
Large, deep-chested breeds (german shepherds, great danes, rottweilers)
Fast-eaters
GDV pathophysiology
Rotation of stomach counter-clockwise resulting in venous compression/congestion and compromise of blood perfusion to the stomach (resulting in necrosis)
GDV clinical signs
restlessness, pacing, painful, non-productive vomiting, abdominal distention, shock or CV compromise (weak pulses, pale MM, tachycardia)
GDV diagnosis
Radiographs: look for “popeye arm”
Blood gas: metabolic acidosis (d/t increase lactate)
VPCs on EKG analysis
When suspecting a GDV, which position for radiographs should you order?
Right lateral abdominal (patient laying on their right, leaving the stomach closest to the beam)
When determining GDV prognosis, what should you look at?
Lactate >6 = gastric necrosis
Lactate <6 = good prognosis
If patient is in lateral upon presentation that is also a poor prognosis indicator
GDV Treatment (stabilization vs surgery)
- TWO large CEPHALIC IV catheters (avoid saphenous)
- Decompress stomach (OG tube or trocarization)
- Shock dose of crystalloid fluids 80-90 mg/kg in fractions
- Monitor BP and EKG
Surgery: decompress and reposition the stomach, perform gastropexy to prevent reoccurence