Gastrointestinal

Question 0

What are the parts of the GI tract?

Answer 0

mouth

pharynx

esophagus

stomach

small intestine

large intestine

Question 1

What is another name for GI tract?

Answer 1

alimentary tract

Question 2

What are the functions of the GI tract?

Answer 2

ingest food

digest

secrete enzumes

absorb and break down

reabsorb fluid

form and release waste

Question 3

What descends from the thorax to enter the right side of stomach

Answer 3

esophagus

Question 4

What is posterior to the left lobe of the liver and the left crus of the diaphragm?

Answer 4

esophagus

Question 5

the lower end of the esophagus has a circular muscle called

Answer 5

cardiac orifice

aka: gastroesophageal junction

sphincter

Question 6

What is the gastroesophageal junction?

Answer 6

segment of the esophagus between the diaphragm and the stomach

aka GEJ

Question 7

How does the GEJ appear on US?

Answer 7

seen on a sagittal US to the left of the midline as a “bull-eye” or “target”

sometimes confused with a lymph node because it lies along the Ao, will have a more circular layer look to it

Question 8

What are the parts of the stomach?

Answer 8

has a fundus

body

pyloric antrum

pylorus

folds of the stomach mucosa and submucosa are called rugae

Question 9

What does the stomach secrete?

Answer 9

hydrochloric acid

pepsin

Question 10

What is heartburn?

Answer 10

when acid from the stomach irritates the tissue that lines the esophagus

Question 11

What are details about the small intestine?

Answer 11

5 m long x 4cm wide coiled tube

first 22cm duodenum

jejunum

illeum

Question 12

What are the four segments of the duodenum?

Answer 12

see slide 19 for picture reference

superior

descending

transverse

ascending

Question 13

How does the duodenum run?

Answer 13

begins at the pylorus

runs anterior to the left kidney

runs horizontally to the left

runs upward and to the left

Question 14

What is the ligament of treitz?

Answer 14

ascends to the right crus and hold the duodenojejunal junction in position

treitz = duodenum

Question 15

What does the ileocecal orifice mark?

Answer 15

the entry into the large intestine and serves as a landmark to find the appendix

Question 16

what is divided into the vermiform appendix, cecum ascending, transverse and descending colon and rectum?

Answer 16

large intestine

colon

Question 17

the large intestine is divided into segments called…

Answer 17

haustra

Question 18

what are the layers of the colon

Answer 18

mucosa - directly contact the intraluminal contents

submucosa - contains blood vessels and lymph

muscularis - contains bands of fiber

adventitia or serosa - connective tissue

Question 19

what is the typical wall thickness of the large intestine?

Answer 19

between 3-5 mm

Question 20

in the large intestine there are four layers which create ____interfaces

Answer 20

5

Question 21

What is the appendix?

Answer 21

tubular structure communicating with the cecum

contains lymph tissue

Question 22

What artery supplies the gut from halfway down the second part of the duodenum to the distal third of the transverse colon?

Answer 22

SMA

Question 23

What does the IMA feed in the intestines?

Answer 23

large bowel from distal third of the transverse colon to halfway down the anal canal.

forms an anastomosis with the middle colic branch of the SMA

Question 24

What is the most common lab for GI tract?

Answer 24

blood in the stool

Question 25

What are clinical symptoms of the GI tract?

Answer 25

nausea vomiting diarrhea pain fever weight loss bloating

Question 26

Why can't you visual the GI tract?

Answer 26

because the acoustic impedance mismatch is too great

Question 27

Where is the appendix located?

Answer 27

on the abdominal wall under MCBURNEY'S POINT RLQ

Question 28

What is the normal size of the appendix?

Answer 28

<6mm

Question 29

What transducer do you use to scan an appendix?

Answer 29

high resolution LINEAR array transducer linear 5-8

Question 30

what helps delineate the area of the appendix?

Answer 30

graded compression over the area of maximum tenderness

Question 31

normal bowel will compress, what will appendicitis do?

Answer 31

it won't move

Question 32

What are gastric bezoars?

Answer 32

movable, intraluminal masses of congealed ingested materials that are seen on examination of the upper GI tract

Question 33

What are the benign pathology of the stomach?

Answer 33

polyp leiomyoma

Question 34

What is the malignant tumors of the stomach?

Answer 34

carcinoma lymphomas leiomyosarcoma metastatic disease

Question 35

What is the keyboard sign?

Answer 35

loops of bowel see slide for picture

Question 36

The bowel is superficial or deep?

Answer 36

superficial

Question 37

How does pathology of the appendix appear?

Answer 37

TARGET LESION non compressible mass fluid or abscess collection pain and rebound tenderness MCBURNEY'S SIGN

Question 38

What is appendicoliths?

Answer 38

calculi in the appendix

Question 39

What is Crohn's ileocolitis?

Answer 39

inflammation of the bowel appendix may be involved...often associated being the first sign of the disease

Question 40

What is intussusception?

Answer 40

When the bowel is telescoped inside of itself

Question 41

What is meckel's diverticulum?

Answer 41

located: on the antimesenteric border of the ileum intestinal obstruction, rectal bleeding, and diverticular inflammation tissue left over from structures in the unborn baby's digestive tract that were not fully reabsorbed before birth

Question 42

What is the technique used to image the appendix?

Answer 42

high - resolution linear transducer with graded compression measures <6mm

Question 43

What is the pouch of the colon in the RLQ?

Answer 43

cecum

Question 44

what are the primary functions of the GI tract?

Answer 44

largest endocrine organ in the body digestion and absorption 3-4 hrs food is converted to chyme by stomach, moves toward pylorus most absorption occurs in small intestine cholecystokinin and secretin

Question 45

When might you discover anemia in GI lab values?

Answer 45

chronic blood loss

Question 46

What lab value would be elevated with an infection in the GI tract?

Answer 46

WBC

Question 47

intraluminal air produces....

Answer 47

echogenic shadow prevents sound beam from penetrating structures posteriorly

Question 48

the scattering and reflection effect of gas in the GI tract often produces ...

Answer 48

incomplete or mottled distal acoustic shadow

Question 49

the _______ ___ _______ represent the wall, and its periserosal fat produces the _______ _______ _______ of the tract wall

Answer 49

rim of lucency outer echogenic border

Question 50

If there is a cystic mass in the LUQ what does the sonographer need to do?

Answer 50

define if its the stomach or another mass

Question 51

What makes and excellent landmark for the head of the pancreas?

Answer 51

the duodenum when filled with a small amount of fluid

Question 52

What makes up 90-95% of stomach cancers

Answer 52

gastric carcinoma 6th leading cause of death older males 1/2 occur in pylorus sonographic: target or pseudokidney sign

Question 53

review pictures on power point

Answer 53

of GI Tract

Question 54

how can you distinguish between the colon and fluid collection?

Answer 54

look for peristalsis

Question 55

What is a recurrent granulomatous inflammatory disease that affects the terminal ileum and or any level of the colon

Answer 55

Crohn's disease

Question 56

Where is diverticulum most common?

Answer 56

in the colon