Gastrointestinal

Question 1

general hollow organ organization

Answer 1

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa

Question 2

elements of mucosa

Answer 2

epithelial lining, lamina propria (CT), muscularis mucosa (SM)

Question 3

Muscularis externa

Answer 3

This can have two layers: inner circular and outer longitudinal

Question 4

Esophagus layers

Answer 4

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, outer CT (adventitia and serosa

Question 5

esophagus specializations

Answer 5

plexi, glands, GE junction

Question 6

esophagus plexi

Answer 6

nerve and submucosal

Question 7

esophagus glands

Answer 7

submucosal, mixed seromucus. Duct is stratified cuboidal

Question 8

Esophagus GE junction

Answer 8

rapid transition of epithelia type. Metaplastic changes occur with chronic GERD

Question 9

Stomach sections

Answer 9

cardia, fundus, parietal. Simple columnar epithelia.

Question 10

Cardia

Answer 10

region of stomach that meets esophagus, closest to heart. Contains short glands/pits. Cells are mucus and EE

Question 11

Fundus

Answer 11

body of stomach, contains long rug and short pits with Long glands. Cels are parietal, chief, and mucus.

Question 12

Periatal cells

Answer 12

look like fried eggs, intracellular caniculi with lots of mitochondria

Question 13

chief cells

Answer 13

basophilic, protein secreting. Pepsinogen is secreted, which becomes pepsin at acidic PH

Question 14

Pyloric region

Answer 14

contains long pits, short clans. Mucous and EE cells. The sphincter is thickened inner muscular external region.

Question 15

Enteroendocrine cells

Answer 15

abundant in stomach. secrete lots of products. Require a special stain to see these.

Question 16

Small intestine GE junction

Answer 16

epithelia change from no microvilli to microvilli

Question 17

small intestine components

Answer 17

duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

Question 18

General small intestine characteristics

Answer 18

villi, many goblet cells, crypts (will many cell types)

Question 19

Crypts

Answer 19

invaginations into Lamina propria, appear like flowers with central lumen.

Question 20

Cells in crypts

Answer 20

goblet cells, paneth cells, EE (open and closed)

Question 21

goblet cells

Answer 21

unicellular with no microvilli. Number increases distally down the intestine

Question 22

Paneth cells

Answer 22

at the base of crypt. Antimicrobial eosinophilic granules.

Question 23

EE open vs closed (in crypts of SI)

Answer 23

open: surface is exposed to lumen. Both have granules at the basal end.

Question 24

Villi specializations

Answer 24

SM, epithelia, and lymphatic capillaries

Question 25

SM in villi

Answer 25

located in lamina propria, help contract lymph

Question 26

Epithelia in Villi

Answer 26

microvilli, terminal bars. Simple columnar. Also contain glycoxalyx, which concentrate enzymes.

Question 27

Lympathics in Villi

Answer 27

absorb lipids, shuttle to laima propria

Question 28

Duodenum characteristics

Answer 28

villiform, Brunner glands

Question 29

Brunner glands

Answer 29

submucosal glands that neutralize chyme with alkaline secretions

Question 30

Jejunum

Answer 30

contains place circulates and teniae coli, NO GLANDS

Question 31

plicae circulares

Answer 31

infoldings of submucosa

Question 32

Ileum

Answer 32

can have some place. Contains lymphocytes and peyers patch (with M cells)

Question 33

Colon

Answer 33

no villi, crypts, lots of goblet, EE

Question 34

Appendix

Answer 34

lymphocytes, no villi, crypts

Question 35

Liver functions

Answer 35

metabolic, exocrine, endocrine

Question 36

Liver structure

Answer 36

highly cellular, CT capsule, hexagonal lobules, which contain central vein and dual blood supply

Question 37

sinusoids of liver

Answer 37

discontinuous epithelium, reticular fibers, overlie Disse region, blood flow

Question 38

Cells in liver

Answer 38

hepatocytes, kuffer, Ito

Question 39

Bile caniculi

Answer 39

located in between hepatocytes, move bile towards duct

Question 40

Kuffer cells

Answer 40

macrophages that can move freely on the lumen side

Question 41

Ito cells

Answer 41

store vitamin A, activated by damage

Question 42

Portal tract components

Answer 42

Portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct, lymphatics (sometimes)

Question 43

Liver lobule types

Answer 43

classic, portal accinus central vein, triangle from ducts, between central veins (oval)

Question 44

Gall Bladder

Answer 44

bile storage/concentration, no MM/submucosa, no goblet, contains false glands

Question 45

false glands

Answer 45

continuous with lumen, located in gallbladder

Question 46

Hormones that act on gallbladder/pancreas

Answer 46

CCK-contraction | Secretin-Bicarbonate secretion

Question 47

Epithelium of gallbladder

Answer 47

simple columnar. They concentrate bile by creating osmotic gradient and absorbing h2o

Question 48

Pancreas exocrine function

Answer 48

highly lobulated with septa, contains serous acini which contain zymogen granules. Has inter and intralobular ducts