Gastrointestinal Flashcards

Question

Treatment of intestinal adenocarcinoma

Answer 1

Surgery and carboplatin

Answer 2

``` Diet Antibiotics (enrofloxacin +/- amoxyclav+ metronidazole) for 4-6 weeks or longer ``` Anti-inflammatories or immunosuppressants and not recommended Prognosis: guarded

Answer 3

Presence of macrophages positive for periodic acid-schiff (PAS) in biopsies (Obtained by colonoscopy)

Answer 4

Primary - congenital, can be focal involving intestines only or generalised and include thoracic and limb lymphatics Secondary to right sided heart failure, constrictive pericarditis, neoplasia, budd-chiari syndrome and IBD (inflammation)

Answer 5

Low fat diet with high quality protein Immunosuppressants if IBD is also present ``` Supportive: B12 Treat enteric pathogens Colloids - hetastarch 20mg/kg IV slowly over 2-4hours daily or 2-3x weekly Soluble fibre added to food ```

Answer 6

``` Physical: FB Neoplasia Inflammation (nasopharyngeal polyp) TMJ issue Trauma ``` ``` Functional: CNS dz CN dz NM dz Cricopharyngeal achalasia (failure of cricopharyngeal m to relax -cocker spaniels - can be congenital or acquired eg secondary to hypothyroidism) ```

Answer 7

Physical: Extramural: PRAA Mural: neoplasia Intramural: FB, oesophagitis (trauma, caustic substances, hiatal hernia) can cause strictures too Functional: Muscle - polymyopathy, dermatomyositis, addisons Nerve - polyneuropathy, dysautonomia NM junction: myasthenia gravis Idiopathic

Answer 8

Peg tube Sucralfate Antacids

Answer 9

Functional: Imaging - CT, x-ray, endoscopy, direct exam ``` Functional Nerve or muscle biopsies Ach receptor antibody titre Fluoroscopy EMG ```

Answer 10

Idiopathic CNS: distemper, brainstem lesions, neoplasia, trauma Peripheral neuropathies: polyneuritis, polyradiculoneuritis, ganglioradiculitis, dysautonomia, bilateral vagal damage toxicity- lead, thallium, acrylamide NM junction: MG, botulism, tetanus, anticholinesterase toxicity Myopathy: SLE, oesophagitis, glycogen storage dz, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, cachexia, trypanosomiasis, addisons, hypothyroidism Miscellaneous: pyloric stenosis, GDV, pituitary dwarfism, thymomax mediastinitis, IDIOPATHIC Persistent right aortic arch Stricture/neoplasia

Answer 11

Transudate: monocytes, mesothelial cells SG < 1.015 TP < 25 Cells x10^9 <5 ``` Modified transudate: lymphocytes, neutrophils, Monocytes, mesothelial SG 1.015 - 1.025 TP > 25 Cells x10^9 >5 ``` Exudate: neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, RBCs SG >1.025 TP >25 Cells x10^9 >50

Answer 12

Thrombus formation DM Pancreatic abscess EPI

Answer 13

Replacement of hydrophobic (toxic) bile acids Choleresis Stabilisation of mitochondria Immunomodulation (reduce inflammation)

Answer 14

Precursor of glutathione-peroxidase production (anti-oxidant)

Answer 15

Prednisolone 1mg/kg SID for 6-12 weeks

Answer 16

Penicillamine (chelates copper, increases urinary excretion, mobilisation, induces metallothionein) longterm tx GI side effects (Alternative is trientine) Reduce absorption: zinc (induced metallothionein in enterocytes preventing uptake) long term tx

Answer 17

``` GIT bleeding (increased protein) Azotaemia Hypokalaemia (more ammonia than ammonium due to ion shifting and ammonia is more capable of crossing GIT into blood) Alkalosis Hyponatraemia Infection Sedative drugs Excess protein intake Catabolic state Constipation ```

Answer 18

``` Flouroquinolones Metronidazole Clindamycin Cephalexin Amoxicillin Ampicillin ```

Answer 19

``` Acute: Suppurative cholangitis Toxicity eg paracetamol Hepatic lipidosis Reactive eg diabetic hepatopathy, toxoplasmosis, FIP ``` Chronic: Lymphocytic cholangitis Neoplasia eg lymphoma Cirrhosis Extrahepatic causes - FIP Post-hepatic: Pancreatitis Biliary rupture/neoplasia/choleliths

Answer 20

Acute: Infections eg lepto or infectious canine hepatitis Toxicity eg onions Reactive eg diabetes ``` Chronic: Copper storage dz Chronic hepatitis Cholangiohepatitis Cirrhosis Drugs eg phenobarbital Neoplasia eg carcinoma, lymphoma ``` Extrahepatic causes - septicaemia

Answer 21

Portal hypertension (can precipitate GI ulceration and therefore hepatic encephalopathy due to bleeding into intestinal lumen) Infectious conditions Advanced bridging fibrosis or non-inflammatory fibrosis (usually have portal hypertension) Ascites (usually caused by portal hypertension) Hepatic encephalopathy (causes further protein catabolism and production of ammonia) Acute hepatitis (such animals have infectious dz or toxicity and have a high risk of GI ulceration)

Answer 22

Sulphonamides Tetracyclines Chloramphenicol Erythromycin

Answer 23

Penicillamine (not helpful in acute crises as takes months to work) 222-tetramine tetrahydrochloride for acute but not available in the UK Zinc can help (most hepatic diets supp with this)

Answer 24

Vitamin E - antioxidant Vit K - if clotting times are prolonged Vit B - loss with PUPD No: Vit A can cause hepatic damage Vit D - can cause calficication of tissues Vit C - can increase tissue damage assoc with metals in liver

Answer 25

Increase protein diet eg cottage cheese | May also req plasma/colloid but not usually needed unless acute

Answer 26

Spirinolactone (counteracts RAAS which is causing fluid retention and spares potassium reducing chance of hepatic encephalopathy) Can use furosemide to speed up action

Answer 27

Good - can survive years with surgery if no metastasis and can still do well if having surgery and there are mets Poor if no treatment - 3 days

Gastrointestinal Flashcards

(52 cards)