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2nd Year Medicine > Gastrointestinal > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

What cells produce hydrochloric and and release intrinsic factor in stomach?

A

Parietal cells

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2
Q

What chemicals/Hormones are responsible for triggering/inhibiting gastric acid secretion?

A

Acetylcholine (Neural), Histamine (Hormone), Gastrin (Hormone) and Somatostatin (Hormone)

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3
Q

Which arteries supply the stomach?

A

Right and Left gastroepiloic (Greater curvature) and right and left gastric arteries (Lesser Curvature)

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4
Q

Which gastric cells produce Histamine

A

Enterochromaffin like cells (ECL cells)

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5
Q

Which nerve is involved in controlling release of Acetylcholine in the stomach?

A

Vagus Nerve

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6
Q

What are the 3 phases of digestion?

A

Cephalic phase - looking at food causing Vagus nerve stimulation

Gastric phase - food is inside stomach and stretching stomach. Cells sense protein and fat content causing release of gastrin and Histamine

Intestinal phase - food is stretching Duodenum causing enterogastric reflex . Somatostatin released by D cells and if fat detected then cholecystokinin released to induce gallbladder contraction

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7
Q

Where does alcohol and aspirin get absorbed

A

Stomach tissue

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8
Q

How many layers of muscle does the stomach have and what are they called?

A

The stomach has 3 layers

Outermost - longitudinal

Intermediate - Circular

Innermost - Oblique

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9
Q

What is the range of P.H of the stomach?

A

Resting 4 to 5

During digestion 1 to 2

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10
Q

What is the condition where the stomach acid causes metaplasia of oesophagus

A

Barrett’s oesophagus - conversion of oesophagus simple squamous epithelium into stomach columnar epithelium

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11
Q

What is the condition where the oesophagus will abnormally tighten around a bolus during peristalsis?

A

Nutcracker oesophagus

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12
Q

What is the ring of muscle that usually prevents backflow of stomach contents

A

Cardiac sphincter and lower oesophageal sphincter

Diaphragm helps prevent backflow

Angle of oesophagus to stomach helps prevent backflow

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13
Q

What is the condition where the stomach passes through the diaphragm

A

Hiatus hernia

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14
Q

What is the name of the condition where stomach acid will consistently travel up the oesophagus causing heartburn

A

Gastro reflux disease

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15
Q

Most common cause of gastric ulcers

A

Heliobacter pylori bacteria

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16
Q

What is Ranitidine

A

A competitive Histamine inhibitor which reduces hydrochloric acid secretion

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17
Q

What is Omeprazol

A

A proton pump inhibitor which stops secretion of HCl by 90% by inhibiting parietal cells

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18
Q

What cells prevent gastric tissue from being damaged by gastric acid

A

Mucosal neck cells which produce mucous layer to prevent acid touching stomach tissue

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19
Q

Names of the different sections of the small intestine

A

Duodenum, Jejunum and Illeum

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20
Q

Why is pepsin in the form of pepsinogen?

A

It’s to allow for pepsin to be stored in chief cells and allow activation when exposed to acid. Also prevents breakdown of stomach tissue

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21
Q

Which enzyme actives trypsinogen

A

Enterokinase

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22
Q

What does trypsin do?

A

It activates pancreatic digestive enzymes such as procarboxypeptidase or proelastase

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23
Q

Which type of enzymes do the duct and acinar cells of the pancreas release

A

Digestive enzymes

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24
Q

Which enzymes do the islets of langerhans release

Study These Flashcards
A

Insulin, Glucagon and Somatostatin

25
Which cells make up the liver?
Hepatocytes, endothelial cells, perisinusoidal cells (fat cells), liver associated lymphocyte and Kupfer cells
26
What are the main function of hepatocytes
They regulate the metabolic functions of the liver and allow for veins and arteriolar blood to enter the liver
27
What is the function of Kupfer cells
Immune protection for the liver
28
What is the name of the duct that connects both the pancreas and gallbladder
Duct of ampulla
29
What controls the release of both pancreatic and gallbladder contents
Sphincter of Oddi
30
What gastro bacteria causes yellow blotches on the damn intestine
C. Difficule
31
Symptoms of Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome
Microangiopathic Haemolytic Anaemia - anaemia caused by damage to red blood cells Acute renal failure Thrombocytopenia - lack of platelets
32
How much water is lost through insensible loss
700mL
33
Where are most water and electrolytes reabsorbed
Duodenum
34
Name of treatment for GORD involving a ring around the oesophagus
Linx treatment
35
GORD treatment top of stomach is wrapped around the oesophagus
Nissen procedure
36
AST > 3X and ALP < 2X
Hepatocellular Disease
37
AST < 3X and ALP > 2X
Cholestatic Disease. Ultrasound determines if it's Intrahepatic or Extrahepatic
38
What is Gilbert Syndrome?
A genetic condition where there is a lack of Uridine diphosphate Glucorinic Transferase (UGT) causing build up of unconjugated bilirubin during stress
39
Which lobe of the liver has the porta hepatis
Quadrate lobe
40
Which zone in the hepatic acinus has mainly oxidative metabolic processs
Zone 1. Includes gluconeogenesis, beta oxidation of fatty acids
41
What does zone 3 at the hepatic acinus do?
Mainly non oxidative processes such as xenobiotic metabolism, glycolysis
42
Which 3 vessels form the portal vein
Splenic vein, superior mesenteric vein
43
What's a common sign of portal hypertension
Spider navei, varicose veins, caput medussae, ascites (fluid in abdomen)
44
What is physiological saline?
0.9% saline sodium chloride
45
What is given in I.V if patient needs fluid with no electrolytes
5% Dextrose Fluid
46
What is cirrhosis?
End stage liver failure. Result of chronic inflammation over many years. Persistent scarring and hyperplastic nodules which causes fibrosis and hepatocytes loss
47
What is a common cause of cirrhosis?
Alcoholic damage
48
What causes coeliac disease
An autoimmune reaction to gluten and an inability to digest gluten due to a lack of protease
49
How is iron absorbed
Ferric iron absorbed directly into entetocytes through divalent metal transporter Non-ferric iron gets reduced by cytochrome B into ferric iron and then goes through DMT into enterocyte
50
What are Paneth cells and where are they found?
Paneth cells are found in the bottom of the crypts of liberkuhn in the small intestine. They provide immune cells which prevent colonisation of bacterial in the small intestine
51
What epithelium does the large intestine have?
Columnar absorptive cells
52
What is Taenia coli?
Longitudinal bands of smooth muscle which help provide motility
53
How are fats absorbed in the small intestine?
They are broken down into small fatty acids by pancreatic lipases and then converted into Micelles - small droplets of fat with a hydrophilic lecithin outer layer. Micelles enter small intestine and are then converted into chylomicrons by being combined with proteins. They are then brought into lacteals and taken to the liver
54
How are proteins absorbed?
They are broken into short chain amino acids by pancreatic enzymes and then taken into enterocytes via active transport using H+ ions
55
How much of the tongue is skeletal?
The superior 1/3 Other 2/3 are smooth muscle
56
What are brunner glands and what do they do?
They are glands which produce a very alkaline mucus and help to neutralise the acid chyme produced in the stomach Found in the duodenum
57
What bacterial infection places a patient at risk of developing Gullain Baree syndrome
Campylobacter
58
Which bacteria is known for causing secretory Diarrhoea
Cholera. Cholera causes over activation of adenylyl Cyclase which increases cAMP concentration in small intestine crypts of liberkuhn enterocytes causing significant secretion of water into stool

2nd Year Medicine (6 decks)

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