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Pathology 2420 Part 2 > Gastrointestinal Health > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Health Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

What are the different parts of the GI Tract?

A
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small Bowel
  • Large Bowl
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2
Q

What are the different parts of the Esophagus?

A
  • Proximal
  • Mid
  • Distal
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3
Q

What are the different parts of the Stomach?

A
  • Cardia
  • Antrum
  • Fundus
  • Pylorus
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4
Q

What are the different parts of the Small Bowel?

A
  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • ileum
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5
Q

What are the different parts of the Large Bowel? (6)

A
  • Cecum (+ appendix)
  • Ascending colon
  • Transverse colon
  • Descending colon
  • Sigmoid colon
  • Rectum
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6
Q

What connects the Esophagus to the Stomach?

A

The lower esophageal sphincter, also known as the Gastroesophageal Junction

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7
Q

What connects the Stomach to the Small Bowel?

A

Pyloric Valve

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8
Q

What connects the Small Bowel to the Large Bowel?

A

Ileocecal valve

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9
Q

What does the Upper GI tract consist of?

A
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • First part of the small bowel
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10
Q

What does the Lower GI tract consist of?

A
  • rest of the small bowel
  • large bowel
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11
Q

Where does Gastroesophageal Reflux or GERD occur most often?

A

Distal Esophagus

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12
Q

Where does infections by Helicobacter Pylori tend to occur first?

A

The antral part of the stomach

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13
Q

Where does Crohn’s disease commonly occur?

A

Terminal Ileum

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14
Q

Where does Ulcerative Colitis commonly occur?

A

The Rectum and then moves proximally into the colon

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15
Q

What is the Lumen?

A

The hollow space in the GI tract where food passes through

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16
Q

What is the Mucosa?

A

The inner lining, the layer closest to the lumen and has contact with contents that pass through

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17
Q

What is the Muscularis?

A
  • the muscle layer
  • contents move through GI tract through coordinated wave-like contractions (peristalsis)
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18
Q

What are the different layers of the GI Tract?

A
  • Lumen
  • Mucosa
  • Muscularis
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19
Q

What is the Peritoneal Cavity?

A
  • Continuous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity
  • can involve diseases of the GI tract
  • Can fill with fluid (ascites), or become inflamed (peritonitis)
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20
Q

What are the functions of the GI Tract?

A
  • Digestion
  • Absorption
  • Excretion
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21
Q

What is Digestion?

A

Breaking down food components into smaller constituents
- Enzymes/acids break down food and specific components
- occurs mainly in stomach and duodenum

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22
Q

What is Absorption?

A

taking up nutrients and/or water for use
- nutrient absorption occurs in small bowel
- water and electrolyte absorption occur in large bowel

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23
Q

What is Excretion?

A

expelling waste products of digestion

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24
Q

What are possible Signs and Symptoms of GI diseases? (10)

A
  • pain
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • loss of appetite
  • diarrhea
  • constipation
  • distention
  • fatigue
  • fever
  • bleeding
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25
What is a GI bleed?
- possible indication of a GI tract pathology - Range of possible sources and causes - Characterizing the bleed important clinically
26
What is Hematemesis?
vomiting of blood
27
What is Coffee Ground Emesis?
Dark and granular vomitus due to effects of stomach acid on hemoglobin
28
What is Hematochezia?
Bright red blood in stool - indicates "fresh" bleed, commonly from lower GI tract
29
What is Melena?
Dark, black, tarry stool - stool colour due to digestion of blood, most commonly from upper GI tract
30
What is Occult Bleeding?
Blood that is not visible, typically found in stool
31
What tests are done to determine Occult blood?
- Screening stool tests (Fecal blood tests) - Bloodwork (Iron deficiency anemia)
32
What can Infections of the GI tract be caused by?
- Viruses - Bacteria - Parasites
33
What is Appendicitis?
Inflammation of the appendix
34
What is the Pathogenesis of Appendicitis?
Often associated with fecalith obstruction (Ischemia) = ulceration = secondary infection
35
What is Ischemia?
Obstruction of blood flow
36
What are the risk factors of Appendicitis?
- Extremes of age - Family history - more common in males than females
37
What are the Signs and Symptoms of Appendicitis?
- Abdominal pain (RLQ/McBurney's point), Rebound tenderness - Nausea/vomiting - Fever
38
What are complications that could occur with Appendicitis?
Can lead to appendiceal rupture (perforation) = leading to peri-appendiceal abscess or inflammation of the peritoneal cavity (peritonitis)
39
What is treatment of Appendicitis?
Surgical treatment is most common treatment for acute cases
40
What is Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)?
A Gram-negative bacteria, that most commonly colonizes stomach - estimated 50% prevalence worldwide, higher in developing countries
41
What are the signs and symptoms of Helicobacter pylori?
- often asymptomatic - abdominal pain (mid-upper) - nausea - bloating
42
What are some complications of H. pylori and Peptic Ulcer Disease?
- Peptic/duodenal ulcers in 10-15% of cases = leading to bleeding and perforation - chronic inflammation = increased risk of lymphoma and cancer
43
How do you diagnose H. pylori infection and Peptic Ulcer Disease?
- Via endoscopy + biopsies - bloodwork - urea breath test
44
What is the treatment for H. pylori infections and Peptic Ulcer Disease?
Triple-therapy (antibiotics and protein-pump inhibitors)
45
What is Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)?
A disease of unknown etiology, characterized by inflammation of the bowel - age onset typically 15-35
46
What are the common symptoms of IBD? (5)
- diarrhea (+/- blood) and urgency - abdominal pain - Fever - Weight loss/fatigue - +/- extra-intestinal problems (liver, joints, skin, eyes)
47
What are the two types of IBD?
- Crohn's Disease - Ulcerative Colitis
48
What are the distinguished characteristics of Crohns's Disease? (4)
Sites of Involvement: - Ileum and colon - Can involve any part of GI tract - patchy involvement Hematochezia: - uncommon Complications: - Abscesses, strictures, fistulas, and perianal disease more common Degree of Inflammation: - Transmural with fissuring ulcers
49
What are the distinguished characteristics of Ulcerative Colitis? (4)
Sites of involvement: - starts at rectum + moves proximally - Limited to colorectum - continuous involvement Hematochezia: - Common Complications: - greater risk of colon cancer Degree of Inflammation: - Superficial Pseudopolyps more common
50
What are the treatment options for Crohns and Ulcerative Colitis?
- medications to reduce inflammation (anti-inflammatories, immune system modulators, biologics) - nutritional support to help relief stool symptoms - Surveillance endoscopy
51
What are the surgery options for Crohn's and Ulcerative Colitis?
Crohn's disease: removal of damaged sections, management of abscesses/fistulas Ulcerative Colitis: removal of colon/rectum
52
What is a Diverticulum?
Outpouching of bowel wall
53
What is Diverticular Disease?
Presence of Diverticula
54
Where is Diverticular Disease most common?
Sigmoid Colon in North America, and in the Right Colon in Asia
55
What is the cause of Diverticular Disease?
Increased luminal pressure (low fiber, high fat diets) + weak points in gut wall
56
What is Diverticulitis?
Inflammation of Diverticula
57
What are the symptoms of Diverticulitis?
- fever - worsening abdominal pain (LLQ)
58
What are the complications of Diverticulitis?
- Abscess formation - perforation - strictures - fistulas
59
What is the treatment for Diverticulitis?
- Antibiotics - surgery (depending on severity)
60
What is a Bowel Obstruction?
- Blockage that prevents the passage of food/liquids - Can occur across all age groups, with a variety of causes
61
What are the common signs and symptoms of bowel obstruction?
- abdominal distention - vomiting - constipation
62
What is a Herniation?
bowel obstruction that is a pouch-like protrusion of the peritoneum
63
What are Adhesions?
bowel obstruction that is a fibrosis/scar tissue forming between loops of bowel Commonly seen in pts who've had multiple surgeries
64
What is a Volvulus?
Bowel obstruction that is the twisting of the bowel on itself + mesentery
65
What is an Intussusception?
Bowel obstruction that is the telescoping of the bowel into adjacent segment In children, the most common site is at the ilioceal valve
66
What is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in Canada?
Colorectal Cancer
67
What is the most common type of colorectal cancer?
Adenocarcinoma
68
What are the different stages of Colorectal Cancer?
- Stage I + II = confined to bowel - Stage III = metastasis to local lymph nodes - Stage IV = metastasis to distant organ/sites
69
What is the Pathogenesis of Colorectal Cancer?
- mutations in the bowel mucosa may result in pre-cancerous lesions = polyps - Additional mutations may accumulate that result in local invasion or metastasis (cancer) - not all polyps result in cancer transformation
70
What are the symptoms of Colorectal Cancer? (6)
- Rectal/stool bleed - change in bowel habits - abdominal discomfort - weakness - fatigue - weight loss
71
What are the risk factors for Colorectal Cancer? (7)
- family history/known familial syndromes - age - inflammatory bowel disease - Diet - Obesity - Smoking - exercise
72
What are the different screening types for Colorectal Cancer?
- Fecal immunochemical test (FIT): stool test to detect blood - Endoscopy: procedure to directly examine the bowel and identify premalignant or malignant lesions
73
What is the most common Esophageal Cancer in Canada?
Adenocarcinoma
74
What is the most common Esophageal Cancer worldwide?
Squamous cell carcinoma
75
Where is the most common place that Esophageal Cancer occurs?
Distal third of the esophagus
76
What is the Pathogenesis of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma? (3)
- often arises in a background of chronic GERD - 10% patients with symptomatic GERD, develop Barrett's esophagus - Greater risk of developing dysplasia and maligancy
77
What are the signs and symptoms of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma?
- pain or dysphagia - weight loss - chest pain - vomiting
78
What are the risk factors of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma?
- GERD - Tobacco use - Obesity - Radiation

Pathology 2420 Part 2 (6 decks)

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