Gastrointestinal Meds

Question 1

How do antacids work?

Answer 1

buffer or neutralise hydrochloric acid within the stomach

Question 2

What are the active ingredients in antacids?

Answer 2

aluminium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, magnesium salt and sodium bicarbonate

Question 3

List two brand names for antacids?

Answer 3

Mylanta and Gaviscon

Question 4

How do H2 receptor antagonists work?

Answer 4

reduce the gastric acid secreted by the parietal cells within the stomach by antagonising the action of histamine at the H2 receptor

Question 5

Common conditions H2 antagonists are used to treat?

Answer 5

treatment and maintenance of gastric and duodenal ulcers, as well as persistent GORD

Question 6

Examples of a H2 antagonist?

Answer 6

famotidine and cimetidine

Question 7

How do Proton Pump Inhibitors work?

Answer 7

Reduce the amount of hydrochloric acid produced in the stomach by inhibiting the hydrogen/potassium ATpase pump within the stomach

Question 8

What are PPI’s used to treat?

Answer 8

used to treat stomach ulcers and acid reflux

Question 9

Examples of PPI’s?

Answer 9

omeprazole, esomeprazole, pantoprazole, lansoprazole

Question 10

What are Antimuscarinics used for?

Answer 10

to treat GI conditions that are associated with impared salivary secretion or altered motility of the GIT.

Question 11

Common conditions Antimuscarinics are used to treat?

Answer 11

peptic ulcers and hypermotility of the GIT

Question 12

Examples of M1 receptor selective antimuscarinics

Answer 12

pirenzepine, telenzepine

Question 13

Do M1 receptor selective antimuscarinics effect the smooth muscle activity?

Answer 13

No

Question 14

How do Anti-emetics work?

Answer 14

principally work by blocking the neurotransmitters in the vomiting centre, which is located in the medulla oblongata, chemoreceptor trigger zone or the vestibular apperatus

Question 15

Examples of dopamine antagonist anti emetic

Answer 15

domperidone, metoclopramide and prochlorperazine

Question 16

Example of muscarinic antagonist anti emetic

Answer 16

hyoscine hydrobromide

Question 17

Example of NK1 receptor antagonist anti emetic

Answer 17

aprepitant, fosaprepitant

Question 18

5-HT3 receptor antagonist anti emetic

Answer 18

granisetron, ondansetron, palonosetron and tropisetron

Question 19

How do bulk forming laxatives work?

Answer 19

absorb water and increase the volume of the stool. This causes distension of the bowel and initiates reflex bowel movement.

Question 20

Examples of bulk forming laxatives

Answer 20

psyllium, bran and sterculia

Question 21

How do emollients work?

Answer 21

act as dispersing wetting agent, facilitating the mixture of water and fatty substances to soften the stool.

Question 22

When are emollients used?

Answer 22

acute constipation and reducing straining after bowel surgery

Question 23

Examples of emollient

Answer 23

docusate, liquid paraffin and poloxamer

Question 24

How do stimulant laxatives work?

Answer 24

They increase peristalsis by irritating sensory nerve endings in the intestinal mucosa causing them to contract.

Question 25

Examples of stimulant laxatives

Answer 25

bisacodyl, senna and castor oil

Question 26

Which stimulant laxative is most frequently used? and why is it abused?

Answer 26

bisacodyl, abused by people looking to lose weight

Question 27

How do osmotic laxatives work?

Answer 27

Acts by drawing more water into the colon which increases faecal bulk leading to peristaltic stimulation

Question 28

Example of osmotic laxatives

Answer 28

salts, saline products, lactulose and glycerine