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Cell Path II > Gastrointestinal Pathology > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Pathology Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

what are the mucosal forms in the GIT

A

protective stratified squamous
secretory tubular
absorptive villi
absorptive and protective straight tubular glands

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2
Q

what are the congenital disorders of the mouth

A

cleft lip/palate

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3
Q

what are the inflammatory diseases of the mouth

A

ulcers

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4
Q

what are common infections of the mouth

A

herpes, candida albicans

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5
Q

what is a common tumour of the mouth

A

squamous cell carcinoma

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6
Q

what are the causes of squamous cell carcinoma of the mouth

A

alcohol, tobacco, HPV

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7
Q

What are the diseases of the pharynx

A

pharyngitis, tonsilitis, tumors; nasopharyngeal far east

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8
Q

diseases of the salivary glands

A

obstruction, inflammation, mumps, tumors

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9
Q

normal structure of the oesophagus

A

stratified squamous epithelium, sphincters prevent gastric reflux

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10
Q

what are the diseases of the oesophagus

A

congenital abnormalities, varices, esophagitis, tumors

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11
Q

what are the oesphagus structural disorders

A

achalasia (failure to relax), hiatus hernia (part stomach), diverticula (hollow pouch), laceration

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12
Q

what is achalasia

A

failure to relax

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13
Q

what are the causes of oesophagitis

A

reflux disease, physical, chemical, biological agents

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14
Q

what is GERD

A

reflux of gastric contents into the tubular oesophagus

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15
Q

what are the causes of GERD

A

defect in lower oesophageal sphincter, hiatus hernia, increased intra abdominal pressure, alcohol, medications

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16
Q

effects of reflux oesophagitis

A

cell injury, cell loss at lumen, increased basal proloferation, elongation of connective tissue papillae

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17
Q

what are the complications of reflux oesophagitis

A

bleeding, ulceration, fibrosis (stricture), barretts metaplasa

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18
Q

how is barretts metaplasia diagnosed

A

endoscopic evidence of columnar lining above GE junction
histologic evidence of intestinal metaplasia

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19
Q

what are benign oesphageal tumours

A

leoimyoma, squamous papilloma

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20
Q

what are the malignant tumours of the oesophagus

A

squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma

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21
Q

causes of adenocarcinoma

A

majority of barretts metaplasia

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22
Q

causes of squamous cell carcinoma

A

tobacco, alcohol, nitrosamines, repeated thermal injuries

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23
Q

disorders of the stomach

A

congenital (pyloric stenosis) , gastritis, ulceration, neoplasia

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24
Q

what is pyloric stenosis

A

hypertrophy of circular muscle at pylorus, obstructing outflow resulting in projectile vomiting

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25
consequences of acute gastritis
decreased mucus -> decreased protective barrier Acute gastric ulceration, vasodilation, neutrophils, haemorrhage
26
consequences of chronic gastritis
mucosal atrophy and intestinal metaplasia usually in the absence of erosions, may become dysplastic
27
causes of chronic gastritis
autoimmune chemicals, helicobacter pylori infection
28
what is autoimmune chronic gastritis
Antibodies to parietal cells and intrinsic factor (IF) * Loss of parietal cells (glandular atrophy) -> loss HCl secretion -> stimulate gastrin release -> hypergastrinaemia * Lack IF -> Vit B12 deficiency, anaemia (macrocytic, pernicious)
29
diagnosis for Helicobacter pylori gastritis
urea breath test, serology for antibodies, stool antigen test, gastric biopsy,
30
what is Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
chronic mucosal ulceration affecting the duodenum or stomach, Nearly all are associated with H. pylori infection; also NSAIDS, smoking
31
complications of PUD
– scarring -> strictures / obstruction, 2% patients – breach of vessel = haemorrhage, 15-20% patients; 25% ulcer deaths – perforation; 5% patients; 60% ulcer deaths – malignant transformation occurs rarely
32
what are gastric polyps
any mass or nodule that projects above the level of the surrounding mucosa
33
what are Hyperplastic / Inflammatory polyps
reactive lesions associated with chronic gastritis
34
what are the primary gastric tumours
gastric adenocarcinoma, primary gastric lymphoma, GI stromal tumours (GIST)
35
causes of Gastric Adenocarcinoma
Diet: high salt, smoked foods, H. pylori , chronic gastritis, genetics (CDH1 gene)
36
what are the types of gastric adenocarcinoma
1. intestinal type - Gland formations – Mucus secreting cells – Moderately differentiated 2. diffuse type – Poorly differentiated – Little or no gland formation – Signet ring cells
37
disorders of the small and large intestines
* Malabsorption – Coeliac disease * Inflammatory disorders – Crohn’s disease – Ulcerative colitis * Vascular disorders * Diverticular Disease * Polyps and Tumours
38
congenital disorders of the intestine
Diverticula, meconium ileus, hirschsprung disease
39
what are diverticulum
abnormal hollow pouch communicating with the lumen of the structure from which it has arisen.– small sac-like structure in the wall of the intestines – -> inflammation, ulceration, perforation, bacterial overgrowth
40
what are meckel diverticulum
tubular diverticulum in ileum – Rule of 2s
41
what is meconium ileus
small intestine obstruction, viscous meconium, cystic fibrosis
42
what is hirschsprung disease
ganglionosis in muscle wall and submucosa-> lack of coordinated peristalsis: constipation, repeat obstruction
43
causes of malabsorption in the intestine
– Pancreatic disorders eg cystic fibrosis (CF) – Biochemical disorders eg lactose intolerance – Surgical resection – Infection – Tropical Sprue: tropics, bacterial? – Coeliac disease
44
what is coeliac disease
* Immune mediated enteropathy * Sensitivity to gliadin portion of gluten – Wheat, rye, barley * Mechanisms of toxicity unknown – Tissue injury as a result of immune response – T-cell mediated chronic inflammatory reaction
45
morphology of coeliac disease
Villus atrophy and crypt hyperplasia on deudenal or jeujenal biopsy +/- intraepithelial lymphocytes
46
Crohn’s disease presentation
Intermittent attacks of mild diarrhoea, abdominal pain* 20% acute: right lower quadrant (RLQ) pain, bloody diarrhoea
47
crohns disease gross morphology
* Strictures * Cobblestone appearance * Fissures-> perforation * Thickened wall * Inflammation, fibrosis * Luminal narrowing
48
microscopic features of crohns disease
crypt abscess ulceration noncaseating granuloma transmural inflammation thickening of wall
49
what is ulcerative colitis
chronic relapsing inflammatory disorder attacks of bloody and stringy mucous diarrhoea and cramps
50
how long does ulcerative colitis last
days/weeks/months
51
genetic disposition of ulcerative colitis
HLA DR2
52
microscopic features of ulcerative colitis
diffuse superficial inflammation, crypt abscess, absence of granulomas
53
what are the differences between crohns disease and ulcerative colitis?
chrons: skip lesion, transmural inflammation, ganulomas, fissures and fistulae, slightly raised cancer risk UC: rare skip lesion, mucosal inflammation, no granulomas, rare fissures, significantly raised cancer risk
54
complications of crohns disease
malabsorption, fistula, anal lesions, perforation, haemorrhage, increased risk of adenocarcinoma
55
complications of ulcerative colitis
blood loss, electrolyte disturbance, toxic dilation, colorectal cancer, liver, skin, eye, join involvement
56
what are some vascular disorders of the bowel
occlusive ischaemia and non occlusive ischaemia
57
causes of non occlusive ischaemia of the bowel
hypotension, vasoconstriction, shock, dehydration
58
what are diverticula
herniations of mucosa into the intestinal wall
59
complications of diverticular disease
perforation, haemorrhage, fistulae
60
what are the tumours of the colon and rectum
polyps, familial adenomatous polyposis, hereditary non polyposis colon cancer - lynch syndrome
61
what is a polyp
mass or nodule that projects above the surrounding mucosa
62
types of non neoplastic polyps
inflammatory (common in IBD) hyperplastic (age)
63
types of neoplastic polyps
tubular, villous, tubulovillous
64
familial adenomatous polyposis is causes by mutations in what gene?
APC gene
65
untreated familial adenomatous polyposis results in...
colorectal adenocarcinoma 100%

Cell Path II (7 decks)

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