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FHHD > Gastrointestinal Pathology > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Pathology Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

What part of the body is affected by zenker’s diverticulum

A

Oesophagus

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2
Q

What causes zenker’s diverticulum

A
  • Weakness in muscle wall

- Pseudo-diverticulum

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3
Q

What are the symptoms of zenker’s diverticulum

A
  • Halitosis
  • Dysphagia
  • Regurgitation
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4
Q

What part of the body does Achalasia happen in

A

oesophagus

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5
Q

What causes Achalasia

A
  • Failure to relax the lower esophageal spinster (LES)
  • Functional obstruction
  • Failure of peristaltic mechanism preventing opening of cardiac sphincter
  • Reduced number of ganglionic cells in the myenteric plexus
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6
Q

How does achalasia present in young people

A

Dysphagia

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7
Q

What are the different types of oesphagitis

A
  • Infective oesophagitis
  • Drug induced oesophagitis
  • Reflux oesophagitis (GORD - gastro-oesophageal reflux disorder)
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8
Q

What can cause infective oesophagitis

A

Bacteria, virus, fungi, parasites

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9
Q

Drug induced oesophagitis

A

Aspirin, ibuprofen, doxycycline

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10
Q

What are the symptoms of oesophagitis

A
  • Sliding hiatus hernia
  • Delayed gastric emptying
  • Dysphagia
  • Heart burn
  • Regurgitation of stomach contents
  • Stricture of Barretts oesophagus can occur as a result
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11
Q

What is Barrett’s oesophagus

A

Replacement of distal oesophageal squamous epithelium by metaplastic columnar epithelium.

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12
Q

What causes Barrett’s oesophagus

A

Due to long standing GORD with ulceration and inflammation of squamous epithelia

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13
Q

What are the clinical presentations of Barrett’s oesophagus

A
  • Band of red, velvety mucosa at GEJ
  • Microscopically; intestinal-type epi
  • Metaplasia can progress to dysplasia
  • Increased risk of adenocarcinoma
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14
Q

Where in the oesophagus do adenocarcinomas form and what is associated with it

A

lower 1/3 and associated with GORD and Barrett’s

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15
Q

Where in the oesophagus do squamous carcinomas form and what is associated with it

A

upper 2/3 of oesophagus and associated with smoking and alcohol

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16
Q

What part of the body does gastritis occur in

A

the stomach

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17
Q

What is gastritis

A

Inflammation/irritation of the stomach linings

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18
Q

What can cause Gastritis

A

NSAIDs - blocks prostaglandin synthesis
Stress - decreased blood flow to the mucosa, severe burns, trauma and ITU
- Zollinger-ellison syndrome
- H-pylori associated chronic gastritis

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19
Q

Where does peptic ulcer disease most commonly occur

A

in the duodenum

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20
Q

What is a peptic ulcer

A

This is a breach of the mucosa extending through the muscularis mucosa into deeper layers

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21
Q

What is peptic ulcer disease associated with

Study These Flashcards
A

H-Pylori infection

22
Q

What are the 2 types of gastric cancer

Study These Flashcards
A

Intestinal and Diffuse carcinomas

23
Q

Where do intestinal carcinomas form

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Gland forming columnar epithelium

- Polypoid growth

24
Q

What are diffuse carcinomas also known as and why are they called diffuse carcinomas

Study These Flashcards
A

Single signet cell ring

Called diffuse carcinomas as their growth diffuses through the intestine

25
What are krunkenburg tumours
These are tumours that start in the stomach and develop into ovarian cancers as well
26
What is Celiac disease caused by
T cell mediated inflammatory disorder that causes sensitivity to the gliadin protein component of gluten (diffuse enteritis)
27
Describe the histology of celiac disease
Damage to the surface epithelium, reverts to normal with gluten withdrawal
28
How is nutrients absorption affected by celiac disease
it is impaired
29
What can appendicitis caused by
Obstruction of the appendices lumen by a fecalith, calculus, tumour or worms. This increases intraluminal pressure, oedema and exudate due to bacterial invasion leads to schema
30
What is a mucocoele and a pseudomyxoma peritonea
tumours of the appendix that are either benign or slow growing
31
Where does diverticular disease often form
Distal colon
32
What is the main symptom of diverticular disease
Chronic constipation - increased intraluminal pressure
33
What is diverticular disease associated with
low fibre diets - slow transit of food through colon
34
Describe the histology of diverticular disease
Outpouchings of the colon
35
What is peritonitis
Infection of the inner lining of the stomach/ perforation of the stomach
36
Describe the features of ulcerative colitis
``` Lesions continuous - mucosal Rectum always involved Malignant change Often intensely vascular Terminal ileum involved in <10% Ulcerated mucosa ```
37
Describe the features of Crohn's disease
``` Skip lesions - transmural Rectum normal in 50% Terminal ileum involved in 30% Discretely ulcerated mucosa Malignant change less common ```
38
Name some of the extra-intestinal manifestations in IBD
Eye Disorders - Conjunctivitis and Uveitis Joint - Polyarthropathies Liver - Sclerosing cholangitis and cholangiocarcinoma Erythema nodosum and pyoderma gangernosum
39
Why are dentist likely to see signs of crohn's
Around 60% of patients with crohn's present with oral manifestations and this may also be the first sign of the disease
40
What are polyps
Tumourous masses that protrude into gut lumen
41
What does neoplastic mean
this means that this structure is something that can become cancerous
42
What types of non-neoplastic polyps are there
Hyperplastic Juvenile Peutz-Jeghers
43
Describe juvenile polyps
Usually focal and sporadic 1-3cm rounded Pedunculated with mystically dilated glands Found in the rectum
44
Describe Peutz-Jeghers polyps
Large | Pedunculated and lobulated with barbarising smooth muscle around the glands
45
What are the different types of neoplastic polyp and describe them
Tubular - small and pedunculated Villous - large and remain sessile Tubulovillous
46
Where are colorectal cancers most commonly found
- Caecum and ascending colon | - Recto-sigmoid colon
47
What is the clinical presentations of a right colon cancer
iron deficiency and weight loss - late symptoms
48
What are the clinical presentations of a left colon cancer
dark red blood in stool, increased freq of bowel, abdominal pain
49
What are the clinical presentations of a cancer in the rectum
deep red blood in stool, tenesmus
50
Mutations in which genes form colorectal cancers
First mutation happens in the APC gene (tumour suppressor), triggering the formation of non-malignant adenomas called polyps. This APC mutation is followed by mutations in KRAS, TP53 and finally DCC genes
51
What different stages of histology happens in the formation of a colorectal carcinoma
Nomral colon Hyperproliferative epithelium Adenoma Carcinoma

FHHD (21 decks)

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