Gastrointestinal System

Question 0

secretion (n.)

Answer 0

release of enzymes, hydrochloric acid, and hormones to aid in digestion

Question 1

What are the four processes of the GI tract?

Answer 1

Digestion, secretion, absorption, and motility

Question 2

motility (n.)

Answer 2

smooth muscle contraction that is necessary to move materials through stomach and intestines

Question 3

digestion (n.)

Answer 3

breakdown and dissolving of large particles into small particles that can be absorbed

Question 4

absorption (n.)

Answer 4

transport of small particles across the epithelial layer of intestine into blood or lymph

Question 5

What are the three pancreatic enzymes that break peptide bonds in proteins?

Answer 5

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase

Question 6

What is the function of carboxypeptidase?

Answer 6

Splits off terminal amino acid from carboxyl end of protein

Question 7

What is the function of amylase?

Answer 7

Splits polysaccharides into glucose and maltose

Question 8

What are the three disaccharides?

Answer 8

Sucrose, lactose, and maltose

Question 9

What two molecules make up sucrose?

Answer 9

Glucose and fructose

Question 10

What two molecules make up lactose?

Answer 10

Glucose and galactose

Question 11

What two molecules make up maltose?

Answer 11

Two glucose molecules

Question 12

What is the internal environment?

Answer 12

Blood and plasma (interstitial fluid)

Question 13

What is the name of the membrane of intestinal epithelial cells facing the lumen of the intestine?

Answer 13

Luminal (brush border) membrane

Question 14

What is the name of the membrane between intestinal epithelial cells and interstitial fluid (capillaries)?

Answer 14

Basolateral membrane

Question 15

What is the inactive form of pepsin?

Answer 15

Pepsinogen

Question 16

What cells release pepsinogen?

Answer 16

Chief cells

Question 17

What do parietal cells release?

Answer 17

HCl and intrinsic factor

Question 18

What converts pepsinogen into pepsin?

Answer 18

Hydrochloric acid

Question 19

What two substances first emulsify fat droplets?

Answer 19

Bile salts and phospholipids

Question 20

What do bile salts and phospholipids emulsify fat droplets into?

Answer 20

Emulsion droplets

Question 21

What substances breakdown emulsion droplets?

Answer 21

Bile salts and pancreatic lipase

Question 22

What are emulsion droplets further emulsified into?

Answer 22

Micelles

Question 23

Why are fat droplets broken down so much only to be partial reformed?

Answer 23

To allow for rapid diffusion into epithelial cells

Question 24

Fatty acids are added to triglycerides inside epithelial cells, packaged as _______, and are secreted into the blood.

Answer 24

chylomicrons

Question 25

What cellular structure adds fatty acids to triglycerides inside epithelial cells of villi?

Answer 25

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 26

What activates trypsinogen?

Answer 26

Membrane-bound enterokinase

Question 27

What is the activated form of trypsinogen?

Answer 27

Trypsin

Question 28

What's the volume of the stomach when empty?

Answer 28

50 mL

Question 29

What is the volume of the stomach when full?

Answer 29

1.5 L

Question 30

What's the rate of peristaltic waves in the stomach?

Answer 30

~3 waves/min

Question 31

What small intestine structure prevents retrograde movement of material into the stomach?

Answer 31

Pyloric valve

Question 32

Where is gastrin produced?

Answer 32

Antrum of the stomach

Question 33

Where is CCK produced?

Answer 33

Small intestine

Question 34

Where is secretin produced?

Answer 34

Small intestine

Question 35

What are the stimuli for gastrin release?

Answer 35

Amino acids and peptides in the stomach; parasympathetic nerves

Question 36

What is the stimulus for CCK release?

Answer 36

Amino acids and fatty acids in small intestine

Question 37

What is the stimulus for secretin release?

Answer 37

Acid in the small intestine

Question 38

What are the factors inhibiting gastrin release?

Answer 38

Acid in the stomach; somatostatin

Question 39

Which hormones stimulate acid secretion in the stomach?

Answer 39

Gastrin

Question 40

Which hormones inhibit acid secretion in the stomach?

Answer 40

CCK and secretin

Question 41

What effect does gastrin have on stomach acid secretion?

Answer 41

Stimulatory

Question 42

What effect does CCK have on stomach acid secretion?

Answer 42

Inhibitory

Question 43

What effect does secretin have on stomach acid secretion?

Answer 43

Inhibitory

Question 44

Which hormones stimulate stomach motility?

Answer 44

Gastrin

Question 45

Which hormones inhibit stomach motility?

Answer 45

CCK and secretin

Question 46

What effect does gastrin have on stomach motility?

Answer 46

Stimulatory

Question 47

What effect does CCK have on stomach motility?

Answer 47

Inhibitory

Question 48

What effect does secretin have on stomach motility?

Answer 48

Inhibitory

Question 49

Which hormone stimulates stomach growth?

Answer 49

Gastrin

Question 50

What effect does gastrin have on stomach growth?

Answer 50

Stimulatory

Question 51

What effect does CCK have on bicarbonate secretion in the pancreas?

Answer 51

Potentiates secretin's actions

Question 52

What effect does secretin have on bicarbonate secretion in the pancreas?

Answer 52

Stimulatory

Question 53

What effect does CCK have on enzyme secretion in the pancreas?

Answer 53

Stimulatory

Question 54

What effect does secretin have on enzyme secretion in the pancreas?

Answer 54

Potentiates CCK's action

Question 55

Which hormones stimulate growth of the exocrine pancreas?

Answer 55

Gastrin, CCK, and secretin

Question 56

What affect does CCK have on bicarbonate secretion in the liver?

Answer 56

Potentiates secretin's action

Question 57

What effect does secretin have on bicarbonate secretion in the liver?

Answer 57

Stimulatory

Question 58

Which hormone stimulates gallbladder contraction?

Answer 58

CCK

Question 59

Which organs secret bicarbonate?

Answer 59

Pancreas and liver

Question 60

What pancreatic enzyme digests triglycerides into free fatty acids and a monoglyceride?

Answer 60

Lipase

Question 61

The enteric nerves in the GI wall synapse with other autonomic neurons. (T/F)

Answer 61

True

Question 62

Glucose is transported across the basolateral membrane of the small intestine by facilitated diffusion. (T/F)

Answer 62

True.

Question 63

What enzymes break down carbohydrates/starch?

Answer 63

Salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase, and brush border enzymes

Question 64

What monomer are carbohydrates/starches broken down into?

Answer 64

Monosaccharides

Question 65

Where are monosaccharides absorbed?

Answer 65

Luminal epithelial membrane of small intestine

Question 66

What are the three monosaccharides?

Answer 66

Glucose, fructose, and galactose

Question 67

What two enzymes begin protein digestion?

Answer 67

HCl and pepsin

Question 68

What proteases are created in the pancreas?

Answer 68

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase

Question 69

What protease is secreted by small intestine glands?

Answer 69

Aminopeptidase

Question 70

What is the inactive form of trypsin, and what activates it?

Answer 70

Trypsinogen, activated by membrane-bound enterokinase (enteropeptidase)

Question 71

What is the inactive form of chymotrypsin?

Answer 71

Chymotrypsinogen

Question 72

What is the inactive form of carboxypeptidase, and what activates it?

Answer 72

Procarboxypeptidase, activated by membrane-bound enterokinase (enteropeptidase)

Question 73

What are the layers of the GI tract?

Answer 73

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

Question 75

What layers make up the mucosa?

Answer 75

Epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa