Gastrointestinal Textbook Information Flashcards
(233 cards)
1
Q
What is the primary function of the GI tract?
A
Digestion and absorption of nutrients
2
Q
Since the gastrointestinal has an extensive surface area, what does it function mean?
A
It’s the major means of exchange between human organisms and the environment
3
Q
What are some basic functions of the GI tract? (5)
A
Absorbs nutrients necessary to maintain metabolic processes and support growth & development
Aids with waste products
Fluid and electrolyte balance
Barrier to protect against bacteria
Provides detoxification while other routes may be immature in a child
4
Q
What are the 3 steps on digestion?
A
- Digestion
- Absorption
- Metabolism
5
Q
What are these 3 steps used for?
A
To help convert outside nutrients into nutrients the body can use
6
Q
There are 2 forms of digestion which are?
A
Mechanical and chemical
7
Q
What does mechanical digestion do?
A
When the bodies muscles and neuromuscular system helps aid and move food along the GI tract
Otherwise known as churn food
8
Q
What does chemical digestion do?
A
Body uses cells and glands to help soften the food
Otherwise known as saliva and hydrochloric acid
9
Q
Where does mechanical and chemical digestion start?
And provide example of how it helps us?
A
In the mouth
Mechanical - chewing & moving
Chemical - saliva
10
Q
After the body does the mechanical movement of chewing and food and the chemical movement of soften it with saliva what is the next step?
A
Swallowing
11
Q
What is another word for swallowing?
A
Deglutition
12
Q
Swallowing/deglutition is important for the body what?
A
To pass food down safely into the esophagus and later into the stomach
13
Q
What’s one super important thing to know about swallowing?
A
It’s voluntary
14
Q
What is swallowing voluntary?
A
Because kids sometimes don’t want to eat something so they spit it right back out
15
Q
However once it’s passed down the throat, further down into the GI tract, is this ability voluntary?
A
Nope
16
Q
What does peristalsis mean?
A
Wavelike movement that helps squeeze food along the entire length of the alimentary tract
Moves food through the esophagus and lower esophageal spincter relaxes the food and enters the stomach
17
Q
So it goes through the esophagus into the lower esophagus sphincter, which during this time is relaxed
What do you think happens once it enters the stomach, to the lower esophagus sphincter
And why do you think that?
A
It closes
To avoid causing the food to go back up
18
Q
So the stomach breakdown the food obviously into small partials and watery secretions ( chyme )
What is the next step?
A
Go into small intestine or liver
19
Q
So let’s say it goes into the liver, what is helping it breakdown?
A
The bile
20
Q
Let’s say it goes into the pancreas, what is helping it breakdown?
A
Insulin
21
Q
Where is the main site of absorption?
A
Large intestine
22
Q
Assessment of gastrointestinal function!
A
23
Q
What are some common consequences of GI disease ?
A
Malabsorption
Fluid and electrolytes
Malnutrition
Poor growth
24
Q
What are the 4 most important things that a nurse should do in her assessment of the GI?
A
Height & weight
Intake and output
Abdominal examination
Simple stool and urine tests
25
The following information are terms that are needed when learning about the GI or any assessment
What is failure to thrive mean?
Declaration from established growth pattern or consistently remaining below the 5th percentile in the growth chart for weight and height
26
What is spitting up or regurgitation mean?
Passive transfer of gastric contents into the esophagus or mouth
27
What does vomiting mean?
Forceful ejection gastric contents
Involves a complex process under central nervous system control that causes salivation, pallor, sweating and tachycarida
Usually associated with nausea
28
What is projective vomiting?
Vomit accompanied by vigorous peristaltic waves
Associated with pyloric stenosis or pylorspams
29
What does nausea mean?
Unpleasant sensation vaguely refer to the throat or abdomen with an inclination of vomit
30
What does constipation mean?
Passage of firm or hard stools or infrequent passage of stool with associated symptoms of such as difficulty expelling the stools, blood streaked stools and abdominal discomfort
31
What does encopresis mean?
Overflow of incontinent stool causing soiling
Often caused by fecal retention or impaction
32
What does diarrhea mean?
Increase in the number of stools with increase water content as a result of alterations of water and electrolyte transport by the GI tract
33
What does hypo/hyper/absent bowel sounds mean?
Evidence of intestinal motility problems that may be caused by inflammation of obstructions
34
What does abdominal distention mean?
Protuberant contour of the abdomen that may be caused by delayed gastric emptying, accumulation of gas or stool, inflammation or obstruction
35
What does abdominal pain mean?
Pain associated with the abdomen that may be localized or diffuse
36
What does gastrointestinal bleeding mean?
Bleeding from an upper or lower Gi source
37
What does hematemesis mean?
Vomit of bright red blood
38
What does hematocheiza mean?
Is this Lower or upper gi bleed
Passage of bright red blood through rectum - lower gi bleed
39
What does Melena mean?
Is this lower or upper gi bleed
Passage of dark colored tarry stools caused by denatured blood
Upper gi bleed
40
What does jaundice mean?
Yellow coloration of the skin and sclera ( eye )
Associated with liver dysfunction
41
What does dysphagia mean?
Difficult swallowing caused by abnormalities in the neuromuscular function
42
What does dysfunctional swallowing mean?
Impaired swallowing resulting from central nervous system defects or structural defects of the oral cavity
43
What does fever mean?
Common manifeations in children
Just high temperature
44
Gastrointestinal disorders!!
Diarrhea
45
What is another word for diarrhea?
Encopresis
46
What is diarrhea?
Abnormal intestinal water and electrolytes imbalance
47
Diarrhea is normally more prominent where and in who?
Low income counties ( Asia and Africa )
Under the age of 5
48
Why is younger children more prone to getting diarrhea than older children?
There intestinal mucosa is more permeable to water than that of an older child. Therefore in young infants with increased intestinal luminal osmolaity caused by diarrhea. They are more likely to have fluid and electrolyte lost
Overall this means infants have more water in them so more water will be absorbed and so when they have diarrhea almost all will be lost
49
What’s the 3 big consequences of fluid and electrolytes loss in diarrhea?
Dehydration
Electrolytes imbalance
Metabolic acidosis
50
There are 4 types of diarrhea, which are?
Acute
Chronic
Intractable diarrhea of infancy
Chronic nonspecific diarrhea
51
What is acute diarrhea?
Sudden increase in frequency and chance in consistency of stools
52
What are some causes of diarrhea? (4)
(Bacteria
Viruses
Parasites) forgein organisms
Dietary changes
Antibiotics
Medications
53
What are some medications a child could be on that is causing them diarrhea ? (2)
Antibiotics
Laxative
54
What are some examples of forgein organisms that can cause diarrhea ? (3)
Bacteria
Parasites
Viruses
55
It’s important to note that usually acute diarrhea is self limited within what time frame?
14 day (2 weeks)
Without treatment
56
What is chronic diarrhea?
Increase in stool frequency and increase water content with duration more than 14 days
57
What are some common causes of chronic diarrhea?
Malabsorption syndromes
Inflammatory bowl disease
Immunodeficiency
Food allergy
Lactose intolerance
58
What is intractable diarrhea of infancy?
How long is it?
What is the most common cause?
Syndrome that occurs within the first few months of life
Longer than 2 weeks
Acute infectious diarrhea that wasn’t treated well
59
What is chronic nonspecific diarrhea, irritable colon of childhood or toddlers diarrhea?
Is there any problems with this?
So what’s the cause?
Loose stools and often undigested food particles that last longer than 2 weeks
Not really
Usually poor dietary habits
60
CNSD usually can be associated with what other disease?
Celiac
So no gluten for these kids
61
I wanted to point this out, rotavirus is a virus that’s famous for causing diarrhea in young children, usually below the age of 5. However there is something we can do to prevent this, which is?
VACCINE!!!!
At 2 months !!
62
What is the pathophysiology of diarrhea?
Pathogens increase intestinal secretions
They attach to the cell surface
And keep producing a lot of secretions and poop make softer
And now diarrhea
63
What are some basic diagnostic evaluation?
History
Urine culture
Stool culture
Height and weight
Vital signs
64
What are therapeutic management we will do to these children? (3)
Fluid and electrolyte imbalance
Rehydration
Reintroduction of an adequate diet
65
What the best way for treating diarrhea in children?
Oral rehydration therapy
66
How does oral rehydration therapy work?
And give me an example of what we are using in this?
Helps maintain good fluid balance
Pedialyte
67
In children who are more sick and are losing a lot fluids we instead do what?
Usually this more invasive and costly because of what?
Oral rehydration solutions
Goes in IV
68
Overall what are some basic patient education we want to teach parents on diarrhea? (3)
- monitor number of wet diapers/voiding
- hand washing
- no temp rectal because it increase stool to come out
69
Why don’t we want to give caffeine to these kids with diarrhea?
Why don’t we want to give BRAT diet to infants?
It has a mild diuretic effect
They have a weak immune system and it has a lot of sodium that there body doesn’t need cause they practically are filled with water
So that causes fluid excretion
70
How are we going to teach patients on how to give ORT?
Small quantities and frequent intervals
71
Gastrointestinal problems
Constipation!
72
What is constipation defined as?
Alternation in the frequency, consistency or easy of passive stool
It is defined as unsairficatory defection due to infrequent stools, difficult stool passage or perceived incomplete defections.
73
The diagnose of constipation may vary by age, however it’s important to note that under the age of 4 it’s considered by?
Less than 3 poops a week
74
What does obstipation mean?
Extremely long intervals between defections
75
What does encopresis mean?
Constipation with fecal soiling
76
What are some common causes of constipation overall? (3)
Structural disorders
Systemic disorders
Medications
77
Majority of children have idiopathic or functional constipation which means?
No real underlying cause of it
78
What or how can chronic constipation occur ? (4)
Environmental
Psychosocial factors
Withholding/ avoidance
Transient illness
79
Newborns constipation
What is the first poop?
When does it come out: like time?
Meconium
24-36 hours of life
80
Newborn constipation
What is Meconium plug?
How can we help?
What is Meconium ileus?
How can we help?
Also the first sign of what disease?
Obstruction near the end of the butt
Usually due to lack of water content
- Irrigations can help
Obstruction inside the intestine
- surgical removal
- first sign of cystic fibrosis
81
Infancy constipation
What is it usually caused by?
Less common in who?
When changing the milk, either from human or cow Milk to instead now whole milk, it’s common for an infant to get constipation, so how can we help aid this?
When a bottle feed baby produces a hard stool, usually that’s a sign of what?
Dietary practices
Breast feed babies
Vegetables and fruits
Anal fissure
82
Childhood constipation
What is it mainly caused by?
Explain this ^
Environmental changes
The child is now able to control their Bowels and they may feel awkward to poop somewhere else that isn’t their home, so they perform withholding behaviors.
83
Therapeutic management behind constipation
What can we use to help aid a child?(2) medication wise ^
Miralax & enemas
84
How can we help an infant with constipation?
And avoiding what?
Stools softeners
The usuage of rectal temps since it’s can cause pain if the infant has an anal fissure
85
How can we help children school age avoid constipation?
Encouraging and education on the importance of pooping!
86
What’s the overall importance of constipation that should be encouraged for everyone?
INCREASE FIBER!!
87
Recommend daily fiber intake is based on what and how much?
Age in years + 5g of fiber per day
88
Mineral oil is great help with constipation as it does what?
However should not be used for who and why?
Cleans out and disimpacts the intestine
Children under the age of 1 as for risk of aspiration
89
What are some examples of fiber foods?
Beans
Apples
Beets
Broccoli
Dates
Wheat flours
Carrots
90
Gastrointestinal problems
Vomiting !
91
What does vomiting mean?
The forceful ejection of Gastric contents through the mouth
92
What are some causes of vomiting ?
Acute infectious diseases
Increase intestinal pressure
Toxic ingestions
Food intolerance
Allergies
Mechanical obstruction of the GI tract
93
What are some complications that can occur from vomiting? (3)
Notes
Mallory Weiss syndrome
( small tear in the distal esopheal muscosa )
Dehydration
Malnutrition
Aspirations
94
What is the etiology behind vomiting ?
What does green vomit mean?
What does fatty vomit mean?
What does forceful vomit mean?
The child ages, pattern of vomit, duration of symptoms
Obstruction: bile
Gastric emptying or high intestine obstruction
Pyloric stenosis
95
What’s the pathophysiology of vomiting? (2 terms !)
Define each
Nausea and retching
Sensation of vomit
Serious spasmodic movements during inspiration and contraction of the abdominal muscles
( usually shows signs of projective vomiting afterwards )
96
It’s important to note that nausea and vomiting are likely what?
A protective mechanisms to remove toxic from the system
97
What is cyclic vomiting syndrome mean?
Vomiting that’s last for hours and days
Rare disorder
98
What is the diagnostic evaluation of vomiting ?
History & physical exam
Description of the vomit
Relationship with meals
Height and weight
Intake and output
99
Therapeutics management of vomit ?(2)
Zofran ( ondanseron )
ORT for dehydration
100
How do we give ORT for vomit?
Small and frequent intervals
101
How are we going to position the child when feeding them to avoid vomiting?
Upright position
102
Why do we encourage children to brush their teeth after vomiting?
Because of all the acid that can decay their teeth
103
Additional information
Ingestion of foreign substances
- children explore with their mouths !!
- watch what they touch and eat
Pica
- abnormal desire to eat uneatable or dangerous things
- therapy
- educate & avoid
104
Gastrointestinal disorder of motility!
Hirschsprung disease
Congenital aganglionic megacolon
105
What is Hirschsprung disease ( congenital aganglonic megacolon )?
A congenital Anatoly that results in the mechanical obstruction from inadequate motility of part of the intestine
106
what is the pathophysiology of HD?
Absents of ganglion cells in an area of the intestine in which also the body is un able to relax the internal spinchtee
107
What are some clinical manifestations for HD?
Newborn period? (2)
No Meconium within 24-48 hours after birth
Bilious vomit
108
What is some clinical manifestation for HD in infancy? (4)
Failure to thrive
Constipation
Abdominal distention
Entercolitis ( explosive diarrhea )
109
What are some common manifestations for of HD in childhood kids? (4)
Constipation
Ribbon like foul smell stool !!
Visible peristalsis
Easily palpable fecal mass
110
What is the diagnosic study behind HD? (3)
Contrast enema
Rectal biopsy
Anorectal manometey
111
What is Anorectal manometey?
Insert a balloon and inflate it and it records the pressure
112
What is the biggest therapeutic mangament of HD?
Surgery
113
Name 3 surgeries we do for HD?
Soave pull through
Sweson procedure
Duhamel procedure
114
It’s important to note that during the surgery we are ??
Not removing everything
Because it’s only some parts of the intestines with missing cells
115
What is the nursing care for HD? (3)
Well nourished before surgery
Insure to measure abdomen with measuring tape
Colostomy care for patient and parent
116
Gastrointestinal problem
GERD!
117
What is GER?
And when does it become GERD?
Defined as the transfer of gastric contents into the esophagus
When complications of failure to thrive, respiratory problems or dysphasia develops
118
Certain conditions can predispose a child to GERD, like ?
Neurologic impairment
Chronic respiratory disorders
Obesity
Esophageal Astria
119
What’s the syndrome that associated with GERD and often mistaken for a seizure ?
And explain it
Sandifer syndrome
- stretching and arching of the head and neck
( babies do this to avoid gastric spit up )
120
What is the pathophysiology of GERD?
Inappropriate transient relaxation of LES
- remember how Les relaxes to let food pass
- and contracts to not let food get back up
Yeah this time it’s not able to contract
121
What are some clinical manifestations of GERD in infants? (3)
Passive spit up
Poor weight gain
Respiratory problems ( stridor )
122
What are some common childhood clinical manifestations of GERD? (5)
Heartburn
Abdominal pain
Chronic cough
Asthma
ReCurrent vomit
123
Notes
Complications of GERD can be
- esophagitis
- esophageal stricture
- laryngitis
- Recurrent pneumonia
- anemia
124
What are diagnosis studies for GERD? (2)
Use to be 24 hour ph test but it’s not accurate due to the ph levels being weird in infants
History and physical exams
Endoscopy with biopsy
125
What type of foods will a child avoid with GERD?
Caffeine
Citrus
Alcohol
Peppermints
Spicy foods
126
How should a child be feed with GERD?
Upright positioning
127
How should a child be given food?
Small and frequent
128
What medication is usually given with GERD?
Pepcids
Help decrease gastric content
129
Why don’t we ever put an infant in a prone positioning?
Sids!!
Sudden infant death syndrome
130
Surgical management of GERD is reservered for kids who have severe complications such as
- apnea
- recurrent aspiration pneumonia
- severe esophagitis
What is the most common surgery called?
Fundoplication
131
What does Fundoplication do?
We wrap a bit of the stomach around the esophagus
132
What are the two main complications that can occur after Fundoplication?
Too tight - dysphagia
Too lose - continuation of symptoms
133
What are 3 big things we want to see kids after surgery complete or like properly outcomes ?
Adequate weight gain
Limited spit up or vomit
Good sleep
( no more pneumonia too ! )
134
How are we going to educate parents on GERD?
Using bibs
Sit up positioning
Noticing signs of complications
135
Gastrointestinal problems
Irritable bowel syndrome !
136
What is irritable bowel syndrome?
Often alternating diarrhea and constipation
137
The cause of irritable bowel syndrome is unknown, mainly said to be from genetics or environmental factors but it’s important to help figure out what causes the upset ness in the stomach like how?
Seeing if they are lactose intolerance
Or celiac with gluten free stuff
138
What’s the therapeutic management for IBS?
Nothing much you can do but increase fiber for constipation or give diet for diarrhea
139
Most children benefit from reassurance, diet and stress management in order to help with IBS why?
So they don’t feel alone!
140
Gastrointestinal problem
Inflammatory conditions
Acute appendicitis & ruptured appendix
141
What is the difference between acute appendicitis and ruptured appendix
Acute appendicitis is the inflammatafion of vermiform appendix
Ruptured is the opening of the appendix, perforation
142
What does phlegmon mean?
An acute supportive inflammation of subcutaneous connective tissue that spreads
143
What is the pathophysiology of acute appendicitis?
Mucous secretions are blocked and pressure builds up within the limb resulting in compression of blood vessels
This compression results in inflammation throughout the abdomen
144
What does peritonitis mean?
Inflammation that spreads rapidly throughout the abdomen
145
What are the biggest clinical manifestation of acute appendicitis? (3)
Mcburney point
Rebound tenderness
( pain when release pressure )
Cramping
146
Where is the Mcburney point?
2/3 away from the umbilicuous in the right Lower quadrant
147
How do we know that a patient is no longer in acute appendicitis and now is instead with a rupture appendix or peritonisitis?
Sudden relief of pain after perforation
Then pain so severe that causes patient fever and shallow breathing
148
What are diagnosic studies we can do for appendix ? (3)
Mcburneyf point
Ultrasound
Rebound tenderness
149
What is the therapeutic management of acute appendicitis?
Surgery
Appendectomy
150
What is the management of ruptured appendix?
Close or leave the hole open
Then later 2-3 months have appendix removed
151
Why don’t we give enemas or laxatives to acute appendicitis?
Because it increases the stimulation of the Bowles motility and increases perforation
152
Gastrointestinal problems
Inflammatory bowel disease
153
What does IBD refer to?
3 majors chronic intestinal inflammation
- ulcerative colitis
- crohn disease
- inflammapgey bowel disease unspecified
154
What is the pathophysiology of ulcerative colitis?
Some effects?
Inflammation of the rectum and colon
Ulcers, bleeding
155
What is the patho of crohn disease?
Some effects?
Inflammation of any part of the GI tract from mouth to anus
Ulcerations, fistulas
156
What are some major clinical manifestations that differ from CD when talking about ulcerative colitis? (3)
Bleeding ( bloody stools )
Onset diarrhea
Without fever or weight loss
157
What are some major clinical manifestations of CD that differ from UC? (3)
Fever with weight loss
Growth failure
Malabsorption
158
What are diagnostic evaluation of both of these conditions?
History and physical exam
Stool evaluation
Endoscopy
Ultrasound
CBC
159
What helps us differ or understand the difference between UC and CD?
Serological panel
160
What is more treatable crohns or UC?
Why?
UC
Because it only effects the colon or rectum
161
What is the medical treatment of both of these typically?
Medication example?
Corticosteroids
Prednisone
162
Why do we need to watch out giving corticosteroids to children? (3)
Weight gain
Growth suppression
Decreased bone densities ( osteoporosis)
163
Since the biggest complication with CD is growth failure, what do you think we should give them for diet to help with nutrients and growth? (2)
High protein and calorie
164
How does high protein help patients with CD?
Promote healing of ulcers
165
What is the surgical treatment we typically do to help cure UC
Subtotal colectomy or Illesotmy
166
If Cd patients can handle their bowels typically we do a colostomy, which helps how?
To avoid the constant usage and inflammation of the Bowels
167
notes
IBD is a chronic disease and the outcomes can be influenced by region, severity and management.
Malnutrition and growth failure and bleeding are our biggest concerns.
So promoting small frequent meals
High protein and high calories
- milkshakes
- cream soups
- pudding
- custard
Can help !
Patient education
- allow the child to be seen and enriched support
We need to do frequent colonoscopy since cancer can occur
168
Gastrointestinal problems
Peptic ulcer disease !
169
What are the two types of ulcers?
Primary and secondary
170
Where are ulcers mainly found in?
Duodenum of the intestine
171
What is primary ulcers?(2)
Idiopathic or h.pylori bacteria
172
What is secondary ulcers caused by typically)
Severe underlying disease or injury
Sepsis
Severe burns
173
What is the etiology of the primary ulcers, like PUD?
Fecal to oral
Smoking and alcohol
174
What is the pathophysiology of peptic ulcer disease?
So our body has destructive and defensive factors
Destructive being like acid
Defensive being like flora
So when our body gets too much toxic, like from a bacteria that causes too much acid like H. Pylori
It destroy our defensive and results in ulcers
175
What are some common clinical manifestation of PUD? (4)
Hemaemesis
Melena
Chronic anemia
Abdominal tenderness
176
What is the diagnosis evaluation of PUD? (4)
CBC
Medication
( aspirin, NDAIDS, STEROIDS )
stool analysis
CUBT - test h.pyrloi
177
What are some medications that are famous for causing ulcers in the stomach?
NSAIDS and Corticosteroids
178
What are theruapric management of these PUD?
Relief discomfort
Treated infection with antibiotics
Antacids help with gastric acid
179
What 3 medications are big no no with Pud?
Aspirin
NSAIDs
Steroids
180
Obstruction disorders
Paralytic ileus
What does that mean ^
Simple obstruction of the body
181
What are some common paralytic clinical manifestations?
Abdominal pain
Vomit
Dehydration
Shock
Sepsis
182
Gastrointestinal problems
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
183
What is hypertrophic pyloric Stenosis?
Pyloric sphincter becomes thick and results in the narrowing/elongation of the canal. This leads to obstruction
184
Is this pyloric stenosis congenital or acquired?
Acquired apparently
185
What are the big clinical manifestations of this? (3)
Non bilious vomit
Projective vomit
Gastric peristalsis
Olive shape body
186
What is the biggest diagnostic ovulation of this? (2)
Olive like mass Palpation
Ultrasound
187
What is the therapeutic management?
Pyloromyotomy
188
Now onto the 3 !
Instussuception
Malrotation
Volvulus
189
What is instussuception?
What’s the big term instead of folding ?
Proximal segment of the bowel telescopes into the more distal segment
Literally the intestine folds on itself
190
What is the clinical manifestation of Insu.? (5)
What shape ?
What type of vomit
What do the patients do physically
Sudden cramps
Inconsolablecrying
Bilious vomit
Drawing up knees to chest
Palpable sausage shape
191
What are diagnostic evaluation?
Ultrasound
Heterogenous mass and bulls eyes
Renal emanation
192
I do want to mention
That the diagnostic evaluation the same we treat it
So like we use barium to look inside
And the barium will help ??
Unfold it
193
What is Malrotation and volvulus?
Mal- rotation of the intestine
Vol- complete intestine twisting
194
How do we treat these two?
Surgery
195
Out of these 3 what is the worst?
And why?
Volvulus because it cuts of blood supply leading to necrosis and death
196
Malabsorption syndrome
Celiac disease
197
What is celiac disease?
Autoimmune disorder triggered by the ingestion of gluten
198
What are eh 4 big clinical manifestations of celiac disease?
Steatorrhea
General malnutrition
Abdominal distention
Secondary vitamin deficiencies
199
What does Steatorrhea ?
Fatty foul frothy and bulk stool
200
What is the diagnostic evaluation of celiac diseases? (2)
Serologic blood test
Biopsy
201
What is the therapeutic management of Celiac disease?
No gluten!!
202
Gastrointestinal problem
Short bowel syndrome
203
What is short bowel syndrome?
Literally they have a small intestine in where absorption is very little
204
What is the main treatment of SBS?
Frequent TPN and PN
Help with nutrients !
205
Hepatitis disorders!
Hepatitis A and B
206
What does hepatitis mean?
Inflammation of the liver
207
How is hep A and Hep B caused by?
And what are they both treated by?
Fecal to oral
Blood
Vaccines !!
208
Every hep problem has what clinical manifestations?
Jaundice !
209
What are the 3 main hep A clinical manifestations?
Fever
Anorexia
Vomit
210
What is the 3 hep B clinical mnaifestuons?
Rash
Artharlgia
Pruritus
211
Notes
It’s important to note that when a kid has liver problem, jaundice is usually the first sign, like the yellowing of the skin and eyes
This can result in itching
212
What is the diagnostic study of hepatitis?
Liver tests!
213
What is the therapeutic management of hepatitis ? (2)
Vaccines
Hand washing
214
Now atresia!
215
What is biliary atresia ?
Block in the tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder
216
What is the manifestation of BA? (5)
Jaundice longer than 2 weeks of age
Urine dark
Stools gray
Large liver
Liver palpable
217
What is the diagnosic study for BA?
CBC
Bilirubin
Liver functions
218
Nursing care for BA?
And how do we treat it?
Watching out for contiinous itching
Ursodeoxycholic acid
219
What do we use to help aid BA?
Kasai procedure
Surgery!
220
What is esophageal atresia and trachoesophageal fistula?
The disconnection between the esophagus, trachea and into the stomach
221
What are common clinical manifestations of this? (5)
Frothy saliva
Drooling
Choking
Coughing
Respiratory distress
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What is the diagnostic study of this?
Polyhydramonion presence
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What is the management of this?
Surgery, it needs to be fixed
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Additional information
What is omphaloclele?
What is Gastroschisis?
How do we fix?
What do we put it in?
Small spillage of intestines
Complete intestine out
Surgery
A small bag of
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Hernias!!
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What is a hernia?
Profusion of a portion of an organ or organs through an abdominal opening
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What is umbilical hernia?
Fusion of the umbilical ring is incomplete and vessels exit the abdominal wall
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What is Inguinal hernia?
Where a bit of the intestines fall into the scrotum or labia
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What is the clinical manifestation of a hernia?
Swelling
And noticeable signs with coughing is strains
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What does incarcerated mean?
When the spillage of organs into the hole causes to wrap round the other organ and block circulation
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How do we fix a hernia?
Surgery
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What is rectal atresia?
No butthole
Need surgery?
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What is persistent cloaca?
Poop and pee come out the same hole
Usually the urethra
Need surgery to fix
