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Virology > Gastrointestinal Viruses > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

Rotavirus

family —
most important cause of gastroenteritis among —

A

family retroviridae
infants and children <2 yrs old

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2
Q

Rotavirus

has a ssRNA anf the major cause of diarrheal illness in human infants and young animals like piglets and calves

true or false

A

false.
double stranded RNA icosahedral non-enveloped

classified into 5 species (A-E) + 2 tentative species (F-G)

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3
Q

Rotavirus

most frequent human pathogens which the only group that causes human disease

A

group A rotaviruses

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4
Q

Rotavirus

outer capsid proteins — carry epitopes important in neutralizing activitiy with — glycoprotein being the predominant antigen.

A

VP4 & VP7

VP7 - predominant antigen

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5
Q

Rotavirus

implicated in large outbreaks of severe gastroenteritis in adults in China

A

group B rotaviruses

rotavirus infections usually predominant during the winter season

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6
Q

Rotavirus

in retrovirus, genome codes for — and —

A

6 proteins: VP 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7
6 non-structural p: NSP 1-6

once in small intestine, the virus undergoes a change and becomes infective to th villi.

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7
Q

Rotavirus

rotaviruses infect cells in the — and multiply into cytoplasm. they multiply in the cytoplasm of enterocytes and damage their transport mechanisms.

A

infect cells in the villi of small infestine (gastric and colonic mucosa are spared)

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8
Q

Rotavirus

viral enterotoxin and induces secretion by triggering signal transduction pathway, in which those damage cells in the lumen of intestine will be release in stool

A

NSP 4

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9
Q

Rotavirus

Viral excretion usually last —
incubation period: —

A

viral excretion: 2-13 days
IP: 1-3 days

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10
Q

Rotavirus

enumerate the symptoms

A
  • watery diarrhea
  • fever
  • abdominal pain
  • vomiting (rapid loss of fluid leading to dehydration)
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11
Q

Rotavirus

diarrhea may be due to — as damaged cells on villi are replaced by nonabsorbing immature crypt cells

A

impaired sodium and glucose absorption

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12
Q

Rotavirus

this causes loss of electrolytes

A

nonabsorbing immature crypt cells

severe loss of electrolytes and fluids may be fatal unless it will be treated in infants and children.

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13
Q

Rotavirus

enumerate the rotavirus vaccines

what is the mechanism of the vaccine?

A
  • oral live attenuated rhesus-based
  • oral bovine-based

bovine-based was introduced on 2006

it delays the onset of the rotaviruses season

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13
Q

Rotavirus

the virus from the — is demonstrated by —

what is the sample needed?

A

sample: stool
demonstrated by enzyme immunoassay of real time PCR

PCR - most sensitive detection method

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14
Q

Rotavirus

management & prevention

A

IV fluids to correct the loss of water and electrolytes

replacement of fluids and restoration of electrolye balance

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15
Q

Calciviruses

family —
important agents of —- in humans

A

family CALCIVIRIDAE
important agents of viral gastroenteritis

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16
Q

Calciviruses

enumerate the 4 genera

A
  • norovirus - norwalk viruses
  • sapovirus - sapporo-like virus
  • lagovirus - rabbit hemorrhagic disease
  • vesivirus - vesicular exanthem virus of swine, feline calicivirus, and marine viruses

norwalk viruses is the most significant member

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17
Q

Calciviruses

small single-stranded RNA, round viruses of 27-30 nm in diameter. common cause of infectious gastroenteritis

incubation period: ?

A

norwalk virus
IP: 24-48 hrs

onset is rapid, and the clinical course is bried, lasting 12-60 hours.

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18
Q

Calciviruses

MOT of norwalk virus

A
  • foodborne (common)
  • waterborne
  • person-person transmission
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19
Q

Calciviruses

all of the ff are the symptoms of norwalk virus, except:
- diarrhea
- nausea
- vomiting
- low-grade fever
- abdominal cramps
- headache
- malaise

A

none

all are included so FAMILIARIZE!

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20
Q

Calciviruses

genera that cannot be detected in culture and it relies on immune EM and RT PCR

A

Norovirus and Sapovirus

Norwalk - outbreak during 1968 in Norwalk, Ohayo
Sapovirus - discovered in Sapporo Japan, 1977

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21
Q

Calciviruses

based on recombinant virus-like particles that can detect antibody responses, with a fourfold sapovirus greater rise in IgG antibody titer

— is the indicative of a recent infection

A

ELISA immunoassays

convalescent-phase sera - indicative of a recent infection

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22
Q

Calciviruses

most used diagnostic test/assay for Norovirus bcos it detects — and can be used to detect stools, vomit and environmental samples

A

RT-PCR
detects viral RNA

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23
Q

Calciviruses

best sample to detect Norovirus. this should be collected from patients with acute illness or —

A

STOOL
patient with acute illness or within 48-72 hrs after onset of the symptoms

stool can be collected from 2 weeks after the recovery

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24
Q

Calciviruses

small virus that can range from 32-35 nm in diameter. it causes diarrheagenic viruses distinguished by a —

A

SAPOVIRUS
distinguished by a cup-shaped morphology

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25
Q

Calciviruses

for sapovirus, there is vaccine available and the treatment is supported based on the clinical symptoms.

true or false

A

FALSE.
there is NO VACCINE!

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26
Q

Calciviruses - S

prevention control

enumerate

A
  • containment and disindection of soiled areas
  • careful processing of food and education of food handlers
  • purification of drinking water and swimming pool

handwashing is the most important method to prevent transmission

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27
Q

Astrovirus

family: —
with a — morphology in EM and it contains single-stranded RNA

A

FAMILY ASTROVIRIDAE
star-like morphology

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28
Q

Astrovirus

MOT

A

fecal-oral route through contaminated food or water

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29
Q

Astrovirus

recognized as pathogens for —

A
  • infants
  • children
  • institutionalized patients
  • immunocompromised persons
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30
Q

no.1 gastroenteritis in adults

A

Astrovirus

Astroviruses cause diarrheal illness and may be shed in extraordinarily large quantities in feces.

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31
Q

Astrovirus

all of the ff are the symptoms, except:
- diarrhea
- headache
- nausea
- vomiting
- low-grade fever

A

vomiting

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32
Q

Astrovirus

used for diagnosis (2)

A

Electron M. & Immune EM

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33
Q

small positive single-strand viruses and do not have lipid membrane, non-enveloped with icosahedral capsids. it is largest family in terms of number of genera.

nucleocapsids is 30 nm naked ssRNA

A

PICORNAVIRIDAE

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34
Q

Picornaviridae

in replication, it is usually 5-10 hours but approx. it takes 8 hours to replicate

true or false

A

TRUE.
pico means small

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35
Q

Picornaviridae

enumerate the genera/s

A
  • enterovirus
  • rhinovirus
  • hepatovirus
  • parechovirus
  • aphtovirus
  • cardiovirus

first four (HERP) are the human pathogenic genera

36
Q

Picornaviridae

genera of foot-and-mouth disease viruses

A

Aphthovirus

37
Q

Picornaviridae

genus Enterovirus include —

A

Polioviruses and Coxsackieviruses

38
Q

Enteroviruses

this enterovirus causes paralytic poliomyelitis

A

Polioviruses 1-3

39
Q

Enteroviruses

this enterovirus has 3 serotypes and causes superficial rashes in the foot, hand, and mouth

A

Coxsackieviruses A1-A3

40
Q

Enteroviruses

this enterovirus has 6 serotypes internal symptoms

A

Coxsackieviruses B1-B6

41
Q

Enteroviruses

this refers to an upper respiratory tract infection, fever, and sudden sharp pain in the intercostal muscle

A

BORNHOLM DISEASE

42
Q

Enteroviruses

HEV A, HEV B, HEV, C, HEV D

A

Enteroviruses 68-104

43
Q

Enteroviruses

echoviruses has — serotypes

A

33 serotypes

44
Q

Enteroviruses

parechovirus has — serotypes

A

4 serotypes

45
Q

Enteroviruses

MOT

A
  • fecal-oral
  • respiratory drop/aerosol inhalation
  • fomite
46
Q

Enteroviruses

portal of entry

A
  1. mouth/nose
  2. lymphoid tissue (pharynz and gut)
  3. initially will replicate > particles
  4. will go to the bloodstream viremia
  5. target organs of infection/disease spinal cord, heart, skin
47
Q

Enteroviruses

vaccines are available for all enteroviruses.

true or false

A

FALSE.
no vaccines are available except for POLIO

48
Q

endemic worldwide, common infection in children bcos of poor hygiene

A

enterovirus

49
Q

Enteroviruses

incubation period and symptoms

enumerate

A

IP: 3 - 35 days
symptoms: mild nausea and diarrhea except for neonates

neonates can be severe bcos of the immaturity of their immune system

50
Q

Enteroviruses

fever of unknown origin, aseptic meningitis, paralysis, sepsis-like illness, myopericarditis, pleurodynia

this is associated with infections of —

A

Coxsackie type B

51
Q

Enteroviruses

conjunctivitis exanthemas is caused by —

A

enterovirus serotype 71

52
Q

Enteroviruses

this has also been implicated in early on-set diabetes, cardiomyopathy, and fetal malformations

true or false

A

TRUE

portal or entry: alimentary or via mouth/nose

53
Q

can result in the virus spreading from these locations to the spinal cord, heart, and skin. this refers to —

A

viremia

54
Q

Enteroviruses

specimens of choice (5)

A
  • stool (prolonged period of infection)
  • rectal swabs
  • throat swabs (replication)
  • washings
  • CSF
55
Q

Enteroviruses

this is associated with acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis

what could be the specimen of choice?

A

Enterovirus 70

specimen of choice: conjunctival swabs and tears

56
Q

this virus has no group antigen so it is being identified individually by serum neutralization test

A

enterovirus

57
Q

Enteroviruses

for specific confirmation (2)

A
  • cell culture neutralization
  • type-specific antisera
58
Q

Enteroviruses

diagnosis is made by —

A

nucleic acid amplification (PCR)

CSF - PCR

59
Q

Enteroviruses

used to detect presence of acute infection of enterovirus

A

ELISA: IgM (antibody titer)

60
Q

flaccid muscle paralysis, this refers to —

A

paralytic poliomyelitis

61
Q

Polio

this is a type of neurological conditions characterized by —

A

paralysis and reduced muscle tone

62
Q

Polio

most diseases are from —

incubation period ?

A

Polio type 1

IP: 7-14 days

63
Q

Polio

infection is restricted to the gastrointestinal tract and it is characterized by mild fever with diarrhea to flaccid paralysis. this refers to —

A

Asymptomatic polio infection

most common cases of infection

64
Q

Polio

minor illness, first asymptomatic result is febrile disease, general malaise with vomiting and sore throat

A

Abortive poliomyelitis

65
Q

Polio

mild diseases/infection (2)

A

Asymptomatic & Abortive

66
Q

Polio

this disease occurs during the 1st week of infection of abortive polio

A

febrile disease

67
Q

Polio

stiff neck and vomiting as a result of muscle spasm. it may progress to the brain and may upgrade to infect meninges > aseptic meningitis

this refers to —

A

non-paralytic polio

small percentage of this disease may advance to paralysis

68
Q

Polio

resulting from a lower motor neuron damage, this refers to —

A

classic paralysis

69
Q

Polio

arrange in order:
- affects anterior horn cells of the SN to the brain
- affects motor neurons/cortex of the brain
- spreads from the blood
- results to spinal paralysis/bulbar p

A
  • spreads from the blood
  • affects anterior horn cells of the SN to the brain
  • affects motor neurons/cortex of the brain
  • results to spinal paralysis/bulbar p
70
Q

Polio

paralysis is more pronounced in very young and very old patients

t or f

A

true

71
Q

Polio

complete flaccid paralyssi since one or more limbs are affected

A

spinal paralysis

72
Q

Polio

affects the cranial nerves & respiratory

A

bulbar paralysis

73
Q

Polio

result of physiologic and aging changes in a paralytic patient that already burdened by the loss of neuromuscular functions

A

progressive post-poliomyelosisits muscle atrophy

74
Q

Polio

this is observed in individual decades after the experience of paralytic polio

A

muscle wasting

75
Q

Polio

portal of entry: ?
primary multiplication site: ?

A

Portal of entry: mouth
multiplication site: oropharynx or intestine

76
Q
A
77
Q

Polio

virus can bee seen in — of patients with non paralytic polio and the virus invades a certain type of —

A

seen in blood of patients
invades in nerve cells

78
Q

Polio

in the process of intracellular multiplication, it may damage or completely destroy these cells resulting in a —

A

loss of neuromuscular functions

79
Q

Polio

Jonas Salk discovered what type of vaccine?

A

Intramuscular Polio Vaccine in U.S. since 2000

80
Q

Polio

CDC recommended that children will get 4 doses of polio vaccine: 1 dose of each ff stages —

A
  • 2 mnths old
  • 4 mnths old
  • 6-18 mnths old
  • 4-6 yrs old
81
Q

Polio

he discovered the Oral Polio Vaccine which is a live attenuated vaccine

A

Albert Sabin

OPV contains polio virus 1, 2, 3 serotypes

82
Q

Polio

formalinized vaccine (Salk) is prepared form virus grown in —

A

monkey kidney cultures

83
Q

Polio

killed virus vaccine induces humoral antibodies which induces local intestinal immunity.

t or f

A

FALSE
does not induce so that virus is still able to multiply in the gut

84
Q

enteric cytopathogenic human orphan virus, this refers to —

A

Echoviruses

85
Q

Echovirus

this infect human enteric tract associated with — (3)

A
  • aseptic meningitis
  • rashes
  • infantile diarrhea
86
Q

this has been isolated from patients with meningitis, encephalitis, and paralysis resembling poliomyelitis

A

enterovirus 71

87
Q

enterovirus 71 causes the —

A

hand-foot-and-mouth disease

88
Q

enterovirus 71

enumerate the symptoms

A

fever and blisters on the hands, palate, and feet

Virology (4 decks)

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