Gay History Final Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
terms for gay men (used among peutrorican and cuban communities )
A
feygele - little bird
parajo, pajarito, pato, mariposa
belting terms; too effeminate for a normal man, flightiness
cluster of bars called “bird circuit”
2
Q
Mattachine society
A
founded in 1950, LA. Men and women but mostly men. Founded my Harry Hay, Largest organization
- To improve the rights of gay men
- organized with similar structure to the communist party
- goals to unify isolated homosexuals, educate homosexuals and heterosexuals towards ethical homosexual culture, lead the more socially conscious homosexual to provide leadership, assist gays who are victimized daily as a result of oppression
3
Q
ONE
A
started 1953, LA. Magazine founded by a small group from the mattachine, most militant homosexual publication from the 1950s
Dorr Legg - first person employed by a gay mag
4
Q
Daughter’s of Bilitis (D.O.B)
A
1955, Phyllis Lyon and Del Martin. Women’s organization; name is a ref. to Sappho. building safe space for lesbians outside of bars
- providing social support for women who were afraid to come out for social repercussions
- educating to the public leading to the eventual breakdown of taboos and prejudices
5
Q
The Ladder
A
1956 more conservative lesbian magazine
- primary method of communication for DOB
- supported by ONE and the mattachine society
- edited by Phyllis Lyon ( DOB cofounder)
- written goals and objectives of the DOB in a publication
6
Q
precursors of the groups / publications in 1950 LA
A
Knights of the Clock LA, 1940
Veterans Benevolant Asos, NYC 1946
The League, NYC , 1952
Salons, Social clubs, discussion groups
7
Q
Gay Berlin
A
1920s world’s most vibrant queer culture and Sexual scene
8
Q
Magnus Hirshfeld (1869-1935)
A
founder of Scientific Humanitarian Committee (1897-1933)
Links sexological research and homosexual activism
first advocate for homosexual and transgender rights
changed the way germans thought about sexuality
targeted by nazi’s for being right-wing, jewish and gay
9
Q
Adolf Brand (1874-1945)
A
Opposed Hirshfeld/ rejected his medical theories
Argues homosexuality is not a sign of femininity or intermediate sex, but masculinity.
Draws men together for the strength of a nation a la Greek love.
He was also an antisemite who embraced fascism
10
Q
Nazi’s against gays
A
Shuttered most queer clubs in Berlin
Can arrest anyone they suspect of homosexuality per law 175
5-15,000 sent to concentration camps with pink triangle identification
saw homosexuals as degenerates
Nazi Newspapers denounced Hirshfeld, raided his home and burned his books.
11
Q
European homophile groups
A
Der Kreis, Zurich 1932 (swiss gay magazine) plus lots of others
American activists take comfort in knowing they are part of a larger group
12
Q
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
A
adopted by the UN in 1948. Recognized the rights of all persons.
People;s right to control the most intimate parts of their lives
establishes marriage as a right
13
Q
Homophile organization
A
accused of dodging the sexual character of homosexuality, but one of the main ways psychologyy demeaned homosexuals was by dubbing them incapable of love. This combatted that.
14
Q
Donald Webster Cory
A
wrote The Homosexual in America, modeled on WEB Dubois The Souls of Black Folk with personal refection and scholarly insight.
impulse to control people’s personal lives as fascist; used antifascist rhetoric to argue against the policing of gay rights.
- dismisses idea that homosexuality is unnatural and disagrees with the idea that homosexuals seduce people into gayness.
15
Q
The Children’s House, 1961
A
Threat of excommunication
-fear that older lesbians will influence young children. anxiety about seduction.
Internalization
-churches played a role (sin against God)
- “unnatural love” , religious/christian view of sodomy
-articulated the antigay pressures of the 60s
-antigay therapists and clergy believe queer people are disgusted with themselves and don’t want to be queer.
16
Q
Everyday survival strategies for queer people
A
- the “double life” - passing, being wise, open secret, the social contract, decline in feelings of solidarity among gay people
- gay codes (lingo, double entendre)
17
Q
Bar Culture in Post-War years
A
distinct gay neighborhoods (times square, brooklyn heights, jackson hights)
racially segregated neighborhoods and bars
- harlem = only bars that accept black people
- greenwich village draws in a working class / bohemian crowd
18
Q
Bars as important social centers
A
- important for people just coming out to have a sense of community
- almost the only all-gay publicspace, where people felt safe to be openly gay
- cruising, finding a sexual and/or romantic partner
- crucibles of a distinctive gay culture
19
Q
Different ways of being queer (surrounding bar culture)
A
- butch/femme couples
- straight tourist destination to see male impersonators
- ki-ki = people who switched roles , derogatory-ish, did not perform consistent masculinity/femininity
- top/bottom dynamics
- third-sex framework still around
20
Q
Camp as a quintessential gay male style of -50s, and camp icons
A
exaggerated performance of femininity
- Bette Davis, Joan Crawford, Judy Garland, Josephine Baker, La Lupe
- camp as verbal play , light ridicule
- gay cultural literacy, queer tastes in dress, decor, art, etc.
- opera, theater, fashion, queer tastes in music
- bars became hot houses for the development of queer tastes and style
21
Q
gay sensibility
A
distinctive queer tastes and styles cultivated and reproduced in bars
22
Q
How gay bars survived (or tried to)
A
- challenged loss of their liquor license in court (from 1930s on)
- state courts in Ny and CA in 1950s began to rule that people couldnt be excluded bc they were gay, but still thought of gender conformity as “disorder”
- entrapment of gay men by cops pretending to be gay men
- hiring gay staff (Sam Lawes aka Sophia/D.A.B, popular singing waiter/bartender at Lucky’s in Harlem)
- Payed off and mob connections, bars forced to respond to the criminalization by engaging in criminal behavior. associated gay bars with underground scene, accused of corrupting the police
- exclude obvious queers and regulating customers’ behavior
23
Q
Alternative spaces for queers
A
-private parties, often free, unregulated spaces that were rarely raided
house particles most important for women of color
-open houses every night of the week in latino communities
- for white people = supplement to bars, for black + latinx = replacement for bars
-cruising central parl / central park west (Donald Vikings)
24
Q
Softball before Title IX (1972)
A
- masc. attributes connected to athletic skill like aggression and competing
- womens collegiate sports leagues underwent pressure during postwar period and began stressing “training in beauty” to promote straightness
25
George Jorgenson Jr -> Christine Jorgenson
- ex GI travels abroad to transition
- story picked up by papers across the country, the idea of changing one's gender intrigues people
- Christine avoids campy persona in favor of typical femininity
26
SRS : sex reassignment surgery, 1964
```
1964: Gender Identity clinic established at John Hopskins
FTM transsexual ( testosterone)
MTF transsexual (estrogen) , more of MTF in the 1950s, but now equal rates of both
```
27
Trans identities in postwar years
has enormous ramifications for the kinds of identities people take on
- Holly Woodlawn, "walk on the wild side" , feminizes bodily appearance, becomes one of Warhol's superstars
- growing number of queens take hormones but a smaller number undergo surgery
- gender normative homosexuals reject transsexuality because it reinforces distinctions
- some transvestites say they are more normal bc they are heterosexual
28
lesbian pulps : seduction and community
popularity of paperbacks "pocketbooks" , cheap to produce
- lesbian cultural universe takes shape
1950, women's barracks, written by a straight woman
-erotic passion between women depicted as a fact of life, women consumed by passion, "kinky" , embraced women bc the men in their lives were so awful
29
Gay Male Physique mag
- physical culture movement, Eugene Sandlot, 1st body builder, Strength and Health physique mag.
- athletic model guild, AMG ads in physique mags, including descriptions of models with coded gay language
- 1955 Grecian Guild Pictorial , invoking Greece to naturalize the male body and homoerotic attraction
- consumers were arrested , e.g. Newton Arvin, smith professor arrested and fired in 91960 for possessing physique mags , university students an profs punished for possessing these materials
30
legal changes in CA and NY
- right to privacy for heterosexual intimacy
- censorship curtailed
- gay bars decriminalized in CA and NY
31
Civil rights influence in Gay rights movement
- bar raids
- entrapment
- antigay ideology
- employment discrimination
- july 4 pickets and poltics of resectaility
32
Supreme court cases developing right to privacy
griswold v connecticut (1965) : married couples have right to use contraceptives
Eisenstadt v baird (1972): extends this right to unmarried couples
roe v wade (1973): women have a right to terminate pregnancy
Lawrence v texas (2003): gay people also have a right to intimate sexuality
roth vs US (1957): defined obscenity as "material which deals with sex in a manner appealing to prurient interest"
supreme court steadily limited the censorship of erotic materials in the 1960s
33
State Govt. influence
growing willingness to accept gay and lesbian bars (received sharp resistance from the police and alcohol authorities) the states are not
monolithic agencies
state govt. treat gays as rights bearing minorities
34
New Gay World (lesbian)
New, con-commercial gay institutions such as womens bookstores and gay activist alliance community center (1971)
transform the consciousness of gay people
discard old ways of "being gay"
35
Structural change for gays
- making society more egalitarian and democratic
- stop cops raiding gay bars
- efficent and effective means, developping organizations that could make quick decisions and organize people rapidly
- direct action to change the system or pre-figurative politics (creating a new , alternative culture)
36
Cultural Politics - more internal efforts to create a new community and consciousness
1. commitment to community building
- gay newspapers, bookstores, radio shows, communes, etc.
- urged people to come out wherever they are, organize gay groups on campuses and in communities, outburst of organizational creativity, more organized and dense gay community
2. Politicization of everyday life
- discrimination women faced in every politics, naturalized by mass media
- few women elected to political office .
- "the personal is political", core of lesbian feminist politicizing everyday life
- inequalities produced and reproduced on an everyday basis
- saw nuclear family as institution structured by inequality and reproduced inequality promoting this inequality in children
37
development of lesbian communities
- large feminist movement where women were free of male domination
- 1970s, richer institutional life and political theory developed , New Haven at end of 70s home to complex lesbian culture and female feminist community.
38
Lesbian Writers (and literature in general)
Audre Lorde (1934-1992)
Adrienne Rich (1929-2012)
Women publishing own journals and lesbian publications (DYKE, AZALEA)
low budget publishing companies allowing them to publish booked that high budget pc's wouldn't
39
Lesbian Musicians
- Progressive Folk music
- Holly Near and Meg Christian
- Lavender Jane loves women
- Olivia records collective founded 1973
- Concerts brought singers together, Michigan women's music festival founded 1976, no men allowed, women exploring their identity outside of men
40
Lesbian Separatism
Radical lesbian commune in upstate NY in 1970
| Barbra Hammer, Dyketatics (1974)
41
Women's health centers
-Boston, NY, SF, La
Our Bodies, Ourselves ,Boston women's health book collective , reflected the importance of democratization and the pwr of women to control their own lives
Conference against violence against women, WAVAW founded in 1976
42
gender queers and lesbians
gender queers attacked by lesbians, mocking women, discriminations were inauthentic bc they were not raised as females, excasserbated divide by race and class
43
WAP (women against pornography) vs. FACT (feminist anti-censorship taskforce)
- eventually called the "sex wars"
| - pitted allied against each other as they decided what norms governed women's erotic nature and their private lives
44
Little Richard (1932)
- Began performing at Dew Drop Inn in Nola
- female impersonator , fixture in black clubs across the south , black audiences more open to female impersonators and homo erotic lyrics
- tuti fruitti = signature song
45
Bayard Rustin (1912-1987)
- black civil rights activist, recognized as a brilliant organizer
- 1953 arrested in california after he was discovered having sex with a man in a parked car
- never kid his homosexuality, and after the scandal he was peeled from organizations
- 1963 was chief organizer of March on Washington
- white supremacists tried to denounce Rustin because he was a homosexual and a communist
46
pauli Murray (1910-1985)
- dedicated her life to civil rights
- wrote a textbook "States lws on race and color" in 1951
- co-wrote Human Rights USA (1967)
- developed concept of jane Crow
- Developed legal theory that laid bass is of feminist litigation that 14th amendment must also be understood to constitute women as a class
- GNC< performed masc. in personal demeanor, people didn't want to make her public face bc of her GNC status
47
Ella Baker (1903-1986)
- part of NAACP, SCLC and SNCC
- Worked closely with Dr.King
- Advocate "letting the people lead"
- kept her sexuality a secret and didn't really leave a trace
48
Fun makers Ball (harlem) 1952 ( and how it changed in 1960)
- held in harlem's biggest dance halls
- attended by thousands (whites and blacks)
- more queer in post-war society
- organizers fashioned them to social forms of black society balls
- queens played tribute to black women such as josephine baker
- crowd watching female impersonators
- 1960... attitude changed in black communities, crowds replaced by men who would mock, the committee for racial pride pickets the ball
49
Evangelical Christianity
- Became more influential as inner city black neighborhoods became poorer
- complex infrastructure declines and evangelical storefront churches took over
- explicit denouncing of black homosexuality
- "Born again" e.g. Gladys Bentley " i am a woman again " (1952)
- pressures of politics of respectability and domesticity
50
Black and Chicano cultural nationalism
- politicization of identity
-caught between different and irreconcilable
- black activists saw homosexuality as a black shame, and saw homosexuality as white
Eldridge Cleaner denounced baldwin for his homosexuality (1968)
- expulsinary whiteness of gay politics ; gays were an affluent market niche
51
How Gays of color responded to cultural nationalism
- third world gay/lesbian conference in 1978 in DC , first national network of queer activists of color
- created their own organizations (Combahee river collective, salsa soul sisters, Gay men of african decent)
52
Gloria Anzaldua (1942-2004)
queer latinx writer / author / poet
53
Cheryl Dunye
Queer / lesbian filmmaker directed The Watermelon Woman (1996)
54
Harvey Milk
- elected SF supervisor in 1977
- first openly gay candidate to be elected
- assassinated 11 months after taking office
- represented activists fears
- organizes gay bars to boycott coors beer 1977, strong ties with labor movement and union movement
55
activism in the 1970s
stop bar raids and other policing
protect gay people from discrimination ( seemed like a first logical step for activists after legalizing commercial institutions)
encouraging people to come out. new generation of people trying to renegotiate the social bargain
56
Anti-descrimination in private employment
- local laws passed by mid 1970s
| - 40 states passed by 1979
57
Anita Bryant
lead campaign "save our children"
evangelical christian
argued that gay people were corrupting the youth
specifically targeted parents
58
Briggs Initiative
California, 1978
| prohibited public school teachers from saying anything about gayness
59
GAA
Gay activists alliance
60
The great gay migration
Young queer people from hostile parts of the country to major gay cities
-took place during the urban crisis during 1960s-1970s
61
Castro street neighborhood, SF
origin: gold rush, single white men going to seek their fortunes. Chinese men expected to take on "women's roles" , 2nd world war service men passed through SF, 1950s center of non conformist beatnik culture
nat'l head q of mattachine society and DOB
center of gay bars and small businesses
62
Barbara hammer
directed film Superdype (1975) on lesbian visibility in San Francisco
63
Urban Crisis
```
-took place 1960s-70s
riots : 1965 - 68
- harsh policing of people of color
cities = places of urban disfunction
white middle class residents fled for suburbs, enabled growth of white gay neighborhoods (white gays more willing to move into "dangerous neighborhoods" bc they didn't have kids )
```
64
Latinx neighborhoods where gay migrants settled in 1970s and 1980s
NYC , UWS , UES
Chicago - lakeview
LA - silverlate
SF - castro near the mission district
65
The queer underground
theater , film, music, performance
| NY LES " east village" 1950s-70s
66
Mario Montez
greatest star of the queer underground
| in "Lupe" (jose rodriquez - soltero, 1966)
67
Alderman Clifford Kelley (1973)
Advocate for black civil rights, felt he had a moral obligation to stand for gay civil rights
68
(NGTF) National Gay Task Force
Modeled after NAACP
| Founded by Bruce Voeller
69
APA (american psychiatric association )
rules homosexuality not a mental disorder
70
GRID
1981 - "gay related immune disease"
71
AIDS
1982 - "acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
72
beginning of AIDS impact in NYC
- CDC noticed rare disease among gay men
- confusion, fear, lack of info
- incapable of grasping scale
- people didn't know the cause for the first 4 years
73
Death toll from AIDS IN 1988
7 years into epidemic - 82 k cases, including 46 k deaths in US
continued to climb to 20% per year until anti-retroviral treatment introduced in 1995-6
74
anti-retroviral treatment introduced in 1995
- suppressed replication of the virus in the body
- made AIDS more manageable
- carried side affects
- didn't work for everyone
75
PEP
Post-exposzure propthylaxis
| - must be taken within 72 hours of exposure
76
PrEP
pre-exposure prophylaxis
| - highly effective in preventing infection if taken everyday
77
Mortality rate from AIDS
80% of those infected in the 80s lived less than 2 years, most who died were younger than 36
78
HIV test in 1985
- no wAy of knowing if you had aids or not
| people were afraid of the disease and the government
79
Danger of national excommunication
-people were worried the govt. would set up camps for those infected / gays in general
- homosexuals stood outside the moral bounds
-
80
AIDS and the raegan election (the american society response)
- Aids discovered after raegan's first year in office
- raegan didn't say the word aids until 6 yrs had passed and 20k americans had died
- media remoras minimized the crisis, assuring the "general public" that they weren't at risk
- fear that the general public could be infected by hidden homosexuals
- straight people became afraid to use the same phones and water fountains that gay people used
- half of americans favorited quarantining those with aids and 15% favorited tattooing people with aids
- legal for companies to fire people wth aids / suspected with HIV
- crime to transmit hiv
81
Ways that gay people responded to AIDS crisis
New social service agencies
- GMHC (gay mens health clinic) buddy system
- telephone hotlines
- produced leaflets and booklets
- promoting safe sex (authorities resisted safe sex guidelines)
82
Effects of community organization in response to AIDS
- friend circles became support networks
- expanded gay community institutional capacity
- brought lesbians and gay men back together politically
83
Helms Amendment (1987)
prevented federal funds for being used for any aids prevention campaigns that promoting anything that could be construed as pro-gay , anything that involved the promotion of safe sex
84
Growing Militancy during the AIDS crisis (1985-87 and beyond)
-demanding the govt. respond to the crisis
-exposition of anger amidst the continuation of grief
-conservative religious attacks (" aids is gods punishment against the gays)
NYPD demonizes gay bars as "aids gens" that were going to "infect the whole city"
GLAD ( gay and lesbian alliance against defamation formed as a response to NY post campaign demonizing gay bars)
85
ACT UP (1987)
- Aids Coalition to Unleash Power
- founded in NY
- more than 140 men in NY chapter alone would die
- people put their bodies on the line in demonstrations
- invaded cap uses of pharmasudical companies
- storming campuses of federal agencies to insist they speed up their processes
- marched to demand nat'l health insurance
- investors divest from pig pharma
- silence = death, inverted pink triangle of the nazi death camps
- rise of the educated patient
86
AIDS quilt / names project aids memorial
-surviving partners , friends, family to memorialize those who died of aids by making quilt patches
- 1987 march on Washington for LGBTQ rights
1,900 panels assembled on Washington mall
- half a million people gathered against govt. neglect
87
Bowers v. Hardwick Supreme Court, 1986
- uphold the constitutionality of sodomy laws
- did not recognize gay people as rights baring citizens
- problem was that such laws were the cornerstone of anti-gay discrimination
- declared that homosexual was a criminal population
- angered so many gay people they started offering support to national organizations ( money to LAMDA and ACLU , mobilize gay people)
88
March on Washington : 1979
- revealed the weakness of gay movement at the end of the 70s
- didn't feature any famous speakers or performers
- barely a 10th of the size of civil rights and anti-war demonstrations
- represented a chance to take stock and expand efforts
- launched a new wave of organizing lesbians an gay poc
89
March on Washington: 1987
- half a million ppl, 5 times the amount of ppl at 1979
- angriest march
- aids quilt, first large display
- drew more famous speakers and major civil rights leaders such as jesse jackson and ceasar chavez
- new local organizing efforts, act up and the growth of new queer politics
- reclaiming the word queer, express their outrage
90
reclaiming of the word "queer"
- queer = radical opposition
-critique of lesbian and gay movement as small or weak
-queer implied a critique of identity politics, rejected gay and lesbian as too defining, limited sexual exploration
queer = resistance to the disciplinary power of any norm
91
New queer cinema
Marlon Ridge - Tongues untied
Cheryl Dunye - the watermelon woman
-upsurge in critical writing of black queers
-ernest self representation of post stonewall cinema
-postmodern perspective decisive break of earlier lesbian and gay films
Go Fish - lesbian movie for lesbian coming out after stonewall, ethnographic account of lesbian culture
92
Queer nation , founded 1990
- staging events that disrupted the presence of heterosexuality
- coming out be came a moral imperative, became phenomenon around the mid 80s-90s
- 1970 columbia student homophile league founded 1966 becomes gay people at columbia-barnard
- organized monthly dances on first friday of the month, welcomed college aged students from all over the city
93
Bill Clinton election 1992
- turned christian right into republican party
-shift of partisan politics
- 1980 , abortion became a more significant issue at the national level
1992, gay rights became more national issue
94
Political developments that caused gay rights to become a more national issue (1992)
- social issues to draw white working class voters away from their parties by opposing the promisivness of the 60s (sexual revolution, feminism, abortion rights)
- consorted effort of christian right to gain influence in the republican party
- growing effort of democratic candidates to move the party forward on issues of abortion and gay rights
95
Don't ask don't tell (1993)
military couldn't ask if anyone was gay and anyone who came out risked getting forced out bc they weren't supposed to tell
96
Supporting queer students (organizations)
Gay Teachers association (NY , 1974) - protect gay teachers from losing their jobs
project 10 (LA) - support the 1 in 10 children that organizers thought were gay
Gay Straight Alliance - number of GSA grew after 1988 murder of mathew shepard
97
Homeless queer youth
parents forced queer kids out of their homes
40% of homeless youth , 2 out of 5 were forced out of their homes because they were gender queer or homosexuals
- vVanguard, founded in 1960 , group for queer homeless youth
- providing homes for homeless queer youth, by homeless queer youth
98
PFLAG (1973 founded)
- parents and families of lesbians and gays
- primarily as a support groups, safe space for parents to deal with their emotions about their queer kids
engage in political activism
- going out publicly as the parents of gay kids
-challenge the christian right
99
health insurance and hospital discrimination for people with AIDS
- hospitals didn't recognize their relationships as having legal standing
- refuse the right to visit their partners or consult them about treatments
- couldn't legally sign forms, reserved for "next of kin"
- landlords and hospitals treated queer couples as though they had no relationship to one another
- only way to get insurance was through partners insurance, --> domestic partnership rapid growth
100
Courts and child custody for lesbians and gays
- lesbian mothers often lost their children in custody battled with ex-husbands
- courts took custody of children away from mother when husband raised their lesbian status as a reason for their unfit nature as a parent
- court disapproving of gays who didn't hide their sexuality from children
- Sharon Bottoms, court gave custody of her daughter to her mother bc she was deemed and unfit parent
101
Lesbian baby boom of 1980s-90s
- 2nd parent adoption
- winning gay couples right to adopt , neither as birth parent, adoption agencies hostile to gay couples, changed after family court realized the amount of gay couples willing to give homes to children who wouldn't have had children otherwise
- marriage became a central for the allocation of benefits such as social security, old age security and inheritance taxes
- a sign of universal declaration of human rights
102
DOMA (1996)
- defense of marriage act
- hawaii court case 1993-1996
- marriage is btwn a man and woman
- states don't have to recognize same sex marriages from other states
- fed. govt. will not recognize such marriages
- revealed little national support for gay rights in USA
- christian right and allies had backing of great majority of americans
103
Justice Anthony Kennedy
-wrote the supreme court's four major pro-gay decisions
| "the fact that yo dislike or disapprove of a certain people doesn't mean you can discriminate against them"
104
Proposition 8 in c.a. 2008
"only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California"
- campaign realized they needed to persuade voters by talking about endangered youth
- same claims as anita bryant, dropped the more inflammatory claims
- real civil rights issue was parents to protect their children from homosexuals!!!!
- warned that allowing gay people to marry would mean school children would be taught that homosexuality was an acceptable way of life
