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GBE UNIT 4 V Flashcards

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1
Q

What does culture refer to in a business context?

A

The shared values, beliefs, norms, and practices that guide the behavior of people in a society.

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2
Q

Who developed Hofstede’s cultural dimensions theory?

A

Dutch social psychologist Geert Hofstede.

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3
Q

What does the Power Distance Index (PDI) measure?

A

The degree to which the less powerful members of society accept unequal distribution of power.

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4
Q

Characteristics of high PDI societies include:

A
  • Acceptance of hierarchy
  • Centralized organizations
  • Subordinates rarely challenge leaders
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5
Q

Characteristics of low PDI societies include:

A
  • More equal power distribution
  • Participative decision-making
  • Encouragement of sharing opinions
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6
Q

Individualism vs. Collectivism (IDV) measures what?

A

Whether people prefer to act as individuals or as part of a group.

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7
Q

In individualistic cultures, employment relationships are typically:

A

Contractual and performance-based.

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8
Q

In collectivist cultures, what is prioritized over individual success?

A

Group loyalty, family, and community.

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9
Q

Masculinity vs. Femininity (MAS) reflects what?

A

The distribution of roles between genders and the value placed on competitiveness versus care.

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10
Q

Characteristics of masculine cultures include:

A
  • Stress on achievement
  • Competitive workplaces
  • Goal-driven environments
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11
Q

Characteristics of feminine cultures include:

A
  • Value cooperation
  • Emphasis on quality of life
  • Focus on employee well-being
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12
Q

What does the Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) measure?

A

How societies deal with uncertainty, ambiguity, and unstructured situations.

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13
Q

High UAI cultures prefer:

A
  • Formal rules
  • Strict codes of behavior
  • Risk-averse strategies
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14
Q

Low UAI cultures are characterized by:

A
  • Flexibility
  • Innovation
  • Tolerance for ambiguity
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15
Q

Long-Term Orientation vs. Short-Term Normative Orientation (LTO) reflects what?

A

Whether a culture focuses on future rewards or upholds traditional norms.

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16
Q

Long-term oriented cultures emphasize:

A
  • Perseverance
  • Thrift
  • Adaptability
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17
Q

Indulgence vs. Restraint (IVR) measures what?

A

The extent to which a society allows gratification of basic human desires.

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18
Q

Indulgent cultures encourage:

A
  • Leisure
  • Personal enjoyment
  • Freedom
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19
Q

Restrained cultures prioritize:

A
  • Social control
  • Duty over pleasure
  • Discouragement of indulgence
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20
Q

What is cultural diversity?

A

The presence of people from different cultural backgrounds in an organization.

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21
Q

Name a challenge that cultural diversity presents in global business operations.

A

Communication barriers.

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22
Q

True or False: Leaders in high power distance cultures are expected to be participative.

23
Q

What must companies consider when adapting HR strategies for cultural diversity?

Study These Flashcards
A

Cultural values influence hiring, training, performance appraisal, and compensation.

24
Q

What is the significance of cross-cultural understanding in managing a diverse international workforce?

Study These Flashcards
A

It affects communication styles, leadership expectations, work ethics, and employee motivation.

25
What does the global talent acquisition strategy involve?
Developing a global talent pipeline that matches company needs with local labor market capabilities.
26
What is the balance between standardization and localization in HR strategy?
Standardization of core HR policies while adapting local HR practices.
27
What is the purpose of cultural training in global companies?
To equip employees and managers with cultural intelligence.
28
What does a transnational strategy involve?
Treating each market as a unique entity while leveraging global coordination and knowledge sharing.
29
In global marketing, what is the standardization strategy?
Using a uniform marketing mix across all international markets.
30
What is the adaptation strategy in global marketing?
Customizing the marketing mix to fit local consumer needs and culture.
31
What does glocalization combine?
Global standardization with local adaptation.
32
What influences pricing strategy in international marketing?
Local economic conditions, purchasing power, competition, and taxes.
33
What is a key element of the global marketing mix?
Product strategy, pricing strategy, place (distribution) strategy, and promotion strategy.
34
What is the primary goal of a global marketing strategy?
To create a consistent brand image while adapting to local markets.
35
What factors influence global marketing strategy selection?
* Cultural Differences * Economic Environment * Legal and Political Environment * Technological Factors * Consumer Behaviour
36
What is consumer behaviour?
The actions, preferences, and decision-making processes of individuals when purchasing goods or services.
37
How does culture affect consumer behaviour?
It influences what people buy, why they buy, how they use products, and how they respond to marketing messages.
38
Define Individualism vs. Collectivism.
* Individualism: Emphasizes personal choice and independence (e.g., USA, UK) * Collectivism: Prioritizes family/group consensus and social harmony (e.g., India, China)
39
What is Power Distance in consumer behaviour?
* High Power Distance: Accept authority and status differences (e.g., Mexico, Malaysia) * Low Power Distance: Prefer equality and question authority (e.g., Sweden, Denmark)
40
What is Uncertainty Avoidance?
* High Uncertainty Avoidance: Prefer clear information and well-known brands (e.g., Japan, Greece) * Low Uncertainty Avoidance: More open to new products (e.g., India, Singapore)
41
What do Masculine vs. Feminine cultures value?
* Masculine: Competition, success, and material achievements (e.g., Japan, Germany) * Feminine: Care, quality of life, and relationship-building (e.g., Netherlands, Norway)
42
What does Long-Term vs. Short-Term Orientation refer to?
* Long-Term: Focus on savings and durability (e.g., China, South Korea) * Short-Term: Seek quick results and instant gratification (e.g., USA, UK)
43
Fill in the blank: Indulgent cultures encourage _______.
gratification, leisure, and fun
44
What are some challenges in understanding cultural consumer behaviour?
* Cultural Stereotyping * Rapid Cultural Change * Data Limitations * Ethical Sensitivities
45
What is the importance of innovation in global business?
* Competitive Advantage * Adaptation to Diverse Market Needs * Driving Growth and Market Expansion * Enhancing Operational Efficiency * Building a Global Brand Image * Sustainability and Environmental Compliance * Collaboration and Knowledge Sharing * Responding to Rapid Technological Changes * Protection Against Global Risks and Disruptions * Talent Attraction and Retention
46
What is a Centralized R&D Strategy?
R&D activities are conducted at a single global headquarters or a few core centers.
47
What are the pros and cons of a Decentralized R&D Strategy?
Pros: High responsiveness, cultural alignment, local talent access. Cons: Higher costs, risk of duplication, coordination challenges.
48
What does a Transnational R&D Strategy combine?
Centralized and decentralized elements.
49
What is Open Innovation?
Collaborating with external partners, universities, startups, and suppliers worldwide.
50
What is Frugal Innovation?
Developing low-cost, high-efficiency solutions for emerging markets.
51
What role do digital R&D platforms play?
They promote seamless coordination and remote innovation using cloud computing and AI.
52
What are some supporting practices for global R&D?
* Cross-Cultural Training * IP Management * Agile Product Development * Customer Involvement
53
What are the challenges in Global R&D Strategy?
* Coordination complexity * IP protection * Balancing global efficiency and local adaptation * Managing cultural differences * Cost and resource constraints

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