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A Level PE OCR > GCE PE vocabulary > Flashcards

GCE PE vocabulary Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

Acclimatisation

A

The effects a training system forces upon the body to compensate for the stresses of a new
environment; heat and altitude training.

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2
Q

Actin

A

The thin protein filament found in the

myofibril.

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3
Q

Action potential

A

The change in electrical potential associated
with the passage of an impulse along the
membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell.

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4
Q

ADP (Adensosine Diphosphate)

A

The production of energy results in ATP losing
a phosphate which in turn results in the
formation of ADP.

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5
Q

Aggression

A

Any form of behaviour that is used to harm

another individual.

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6
Q

All or none law

A

All muscle fibres will be either be contracting
or not activated at all.
There is no in between action potential.

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7
Q

Altitude Training

A

A performer who exposes their body to high
altitude will cause it to acclimatise to the
environment that has a lower level of oxygen available.
It results in the production of EPO which in
turn stimulates the production of more red
blood cells which allows the body to deliver
more oxygen to the working muscles.

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8
Q

Amateurism

A

Participating in sport for pleasure, rather than

financial gain.

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9
Q

Angular momentum

A

The amount of motion a body or object has
during rotation.
Angular velocity x moment of inertia.

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10
Q

Angular velocity

A

The rate of movement of the body or object in rotation.

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11
Q

Anxiety

A

A negative side effect of stress; state and trait anxiety.

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12
Q

Arousal

A

Arousal is your level of excitement and
readiness to perform.
Your performance will be best at an optimum level of arousal.

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13
Q

Athleticism

A

Combination of physical endeavour and moral
integrity.
Mixing honour, truth and sportsmanship.

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14
Q

Athleticism

A

Physical endeavour (effort) with moral integrity (sportsmanship).

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15
Q

Atkinson and Shiffren’s multi–store

memory model

A

Human memory has three separate

components: sensory register, short–term memory and long–term memory.

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16
Q

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

A

This is the energy source of the body, as it

breaks down energy is released.

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17
Q

Attitude

A

A stable belief or feeling about something.

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18
Q

Bandura’s theory of self–efficacy

A

The theory of self–efficacy lies at the centre of Bandura’s social cognitive theory.
This emphasises the role of observational
learning and social experience in the
development of the subjects’ personality.

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19
Q

Bandura’s theory of social learning

A

Learning is a cognitive process that takes
place in a social context and can occur purely through observation or direct instruction,
even in the absence of motor reproduction
or direct reinforcement.

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20
Q

Bernoulli’s principle

A

The relationship between velocity and
pressure as they act upon an object as it
moves through fluid or air.
The principle that in a flowing fluid or air, an
increase in velocity happens simultaneously
with decrease in pressure.

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21
Q

Biofeedback

A

A technique that allows performers to control their physiological responses such as heart
rate through the use of electrodes.

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22
Q

Borg scale of Perceived Exertion

A

A measure of how hard you are exercising.
The Borg Scale takes into account your fitness level: It matches how hard you feel you are
working with numbers from 6 to 20; thus, it is
a “relative” scale and unique to each person
using it.

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23
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

The order of events that take place during one heart beat. It includes the diastole and systole phase.

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24
Q

Cardiovascular drift

A

The increase in heart rate that occurs during

prolonged endurance exercise with little or no change in workload.

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25
Centre of mass
The point where all of the mass of the object is concentrated. When an object is supported at its centre of mass there is no net torque acting on the body and it will remain in static equilibrium.
26
Chelladurai’s multi–dimensional model of | sports leadership
The model states that the leader will be more effective if the groups’ satisfaction with the leader is high. A team which is not satisfied with its leader will not demonstrate the same level of performance or satisfaction.
27
Cognitive theory of learning
Learning by observing and copying others.
28
Concentric contraction
During this muscular contraction the muscle | will shorten during the movement.
29
Continuous skills
This shows movement with no clear start or stop point. The movements blend into each other.
30
Craik and Lockharts levels of processing model
Memory is just a by–product of the depth of processing of information and there is no clear distinction between short term memory and long term memory.
31
Discrete skills
The movement shows a clear start and end point.
32
Distributed practice
Attempts at the skill are divided up with intervals in between to allow for rest, feedback and mental rehearsal. This is best used in difficult, dangerous or fatiguing skills and with young or lowly motivated individuals.
33
Eccentric contraction
During this muscular contraction the muscle | will lengthen during the movement.
34
Energy continuum
The interaction of the three energy systems to provide energy to re–synthesise ATP. It shows the predominant system or percentage of each system dependant on the intensity and duration of the activity.
35
Ergogenic aid
A technique or substance used for the | purpose of enhancing performance.
36
Excess post–exercise oxygen consumption | EPOC
Informally called afterburn and is a measurably increased rate of oxygen intake following strenuous activity intended to the body’s oxygen deficit.
37
Extrinsic motivation
Performing for rewards that maybe either | tangible or intangible.
38
Fixator
Muscles that work with the agonist muscle in | creating effective movement by stabilising the bones during the movement.
39
Fixed practice
This involves the repeated practise of a skill in order to strengthen the motor programme and create a habitual motor programme. This type of practice is best with discrete, closed skills.
40
Games ethic
The belief in games as a vehicle for establishing/developing social control and character.
41
Globalisation
The process by which sport has developed international influence and started to operate on an international scale.
42
Glycolysis
Production of four ATP molecules through the breakdown of glycogen into pyruvic acid.
43
Intrinsic motivation
Performing for the enjoyment and | self–satisfaction of challenging oneself.
44
Isometric contraction
This contraction occurs without any shortening (concentric) or lengthening (eccentric) of the muscle.
45
Isotonic contraction
This contraction occurs that allows the muscle to change length; concentric and eccentric contractions.
46
Karvonen’s theory
This uses the heart rate reserve to calculate training zones based on both maximum and resting heart rate.
47
Lateral rotation
Turning outwardly or away from the midline | of the body.
48
Learned helplessness
Negative feelings from a performer who feels they are going to fail at a task due to previous experiences.
49
Linear motion
Movement that occurs along a straight line | once a force has been applied.
50
Long–term memory
The place where information which has been rehearsed in the short–term memory is held indefinitely.
51
Magnus effect/force
This is the commonly observed effect in which a spinning ball (or cylinder) curves away from its principal flight path. It is important and used in many ball sports.
52
Massed practice
This is a continuous form of practice which is best for simple skills. This causes fatigue and therefore simulates the late stages of a game.
53
Mastery Orientation
Performers who believe they will succeed and who are motivated to improve even when faced with failure.
54
Medial rotation
Movement of the limbs around their long axis.
55
Moment of inertia
The torque needed for a desired angular | acceleration about a rotational axis.
56
Motivation
Desire and determination to achieve and | succeed; intrinsic and extrinsic.
57
Motor neurones
Carry signals from the central nervous system | to effectors.
58
Motor unit
Consists of one motor neurone and the | muscle fibres it stimulates.
59
Myofibril
One of the slender threads of a muscle fibre, composed of numerous myofilaments.
60
Myoglobin
An iron–containing protein in muscle, similar to haemoglobin, that receives oxygen from the red blood cells.
61
Myosin
One of the two main proteins of muscle.
62
National institutes
The network of centres that provide practical support to elite performers. They also identify, confirm and develop talented athletes.
63
Neurotransmitter
A chemical that is released from a nerve cell which thereby transmits an impulse from a nerve cell to another nerve, muscle, organ, or other tissue.
64
Newtons 1st law
Law of inertia.
65
Newtons 2nd law
Law of acceleration.
66
Newtons 3rd law
Law of motion.
67
Non–parabolic flight path
An object which air resistance affects | reducing the horizontal motion and making it drop soon, like a shuttle cock.
68
Operant conditioning
A process of shaping behaviour using | reinforcement.
69
Parabolic flight path
The flight path of a projectile without aerodynamic properties or without spin will fly in a parabolic manner. This means that when drawing the flight path it will look like a curve where the left and right sides match or mirror each other similar to a symmetrical inverted U shape.
70
Part practice
Breaking down the skill into its constituent sub–routines, forms a stage of the whole–part–whole practice.
71
Personality
The characterisation of individual differences.
72
Phosphocreatine (PC)
This is a substance that, in its chemical partnership with ATP, is fundamental to the ability of the body to produce muscular energy.
73
PO2
Partial pressure of O2 in blood, expressed in kilopascals.
74
Pre–capillary sphincters
Located at the start of a capillary network and regulates the blood flow in the capillary.
75
Prime mover
Antagonistic pairs of muscles create movement when one (the prime mover) contracts and the other relaxes.
76
Professionalism
``` Being paid to do a job. Initially associated with working class sport as they could not afford time off to play. ```
77
Progressive muscular relaxation (PMR)
A relaxation technique used to monitor and control muscle tension and involves the tensing and relaxing of muscles.
78
Progressive–part practice
Parts of a skill are practised individually, before being linked together and expanded. Learn part A, then learn part B and link these together A+B = AB. Learn part C & add this to what has already been learnt AB + C = ABC.
79
Ringelmann effect
The tendency for individual members of a group to become increasingly less productive as the size of their group increases.
80
Self–efficacy
An individual’s personal estimate of specific confidence in their capability to perform to a certain level.
81
Sensory register
The place where information from the senses | enters the memory store.
82
Serial skills
A series of discrete skills joined together | one after each other.
83
Short–term memory
Also referred to as working memory and is responsible for receiving and holding input from both the sensory register and the long–term memory.
84
Social and cultural factors
``` Features of life and society such as transport, population, literacy, free time, class or technology which affect sport in society. ```
85
Social facilitation
An improvement in performance produced | simply through others/audience being present.
86
Social inhibition
A restraint on person’s feelings and expressions in the belief that others may disapprove of their behaviour.
87
Spectatorism
A feature of sports such as football where a larger volume of people watch, rather than participate.
88
State anxiety
This is transient and specific only to the | particular situation.
89
Steiner’s model of group effectiveness
Actual productivity = potential productivity − faulty group processes.
90
Stress
A stimulus resulting in arousal or a response | to a specific situation.
91
Sub–routines
The different parts of the skill that when put together in order create the complete motor programme/movement pattern.
92
Synergist
A muscle which aids the action of a | prime mover.
93
Trait anxiety
This is a general feeling of anxiety that is part of the individual’s personality rather than a feeling of anxiety relating to a specific situation (state anxiety).
94
Trompomyosin
A muscle protein of the ‘I’ band that inhibits contraction by blocking the interaction of actin and myosin, except when influenced by troponin.
95
Tromponin
A protein of muscle tissue that binds calcium ions and is involved in contraction.
96
UK Sport
Responsible for promoting and supporting sport across the UK. Provides information on sporting activities and initiatives being undertaken by the agency.
97
Varied practice
This is used best for open skills and involves repeating a skill in differing situations. This helps to build up schema to use in game situations.
98
Vascular shunt mechanism
Redistribution of blood during exercise.
99
Vasomotor centre
Found within the medulla oblongata and responsible for monitoring and causing cardiovascular responses of vasodilation and vasoconstriction.
100
Vealey’s model of sports confidence
The belief or degree of certainty individuals | possess about their ability to be successful in sport.
101
Venous return
Blood returning to the right hand side of the heart from the veins.
102
VO2 max
Maximal oxygen uptake or the maximum volume of oxygen that can be utilized in one minute.
103
Weiner’s model of attribution
Reason for success and failure. How individuals interpret events and how this relates to their thinking and behaviour. Consists of; luck, effort, task difficulty and ability.
104
Whole practice
Teaching the skill as a complete action.
105
Whole–part–whole practice
You teach the entire skill, practice areas of the skill that is usually the weakest, and then recombine this back into the complete skill.
106
Zone of optimal functioning
The optimum level of arousal that is unique | to all individual sports performers.

A Level PE OCR (7 decks)

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