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mcat > gchem 1 > Flashcards

gchem 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does Z mean?

A

atomic number

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2
Q

What does A mean?

A

mass number

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3
Q

Why are anions larger than cations?

A

anions are bigger because they have gained electrons which repel each other and take up more space

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4
Q

metals are __ atoms with __ held electrons

A

larger, loosely

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5
Q

non-metals are __ atoms with __ held electrons

A

smaller, tightly

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6
Q

Why are larger atoms better at stabilizing charges?

A

form weaker pi binds because of decrease in overlapping p orbitals

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7
Q

What is the difference between electron affinity and electronegativity?

A

electronegativity - propensity of atom attracting an electron
electron affinity - amount of energy liberated when a molecule or neutral atom acquires an electron from outside

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8
Q

What is the first quantum number?

A

n - shell

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9
Q

what is the second quantum number?

A

l - subshell or orbital

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10
Q

What is the 3rd quantum number?

A

ml - orbital orientation , value from -L to L

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11
Q

What is the 4th quantum number?

A

Ms- spin (+ or -)

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12
Q

How many electrons in the s, p, d, f orbital?

A

2, 6, 10, 14

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13
Q

What are the Heisenberg Uncertainty and Pauli Exclusion principles?

A

Pauli Exclusion principle - no two electrons can all 4 quantum numbers the same

Heisenberg Uncertainty principle- more known ab electron position, the less we know about its momentum

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14
Q

What is the formula for the energy of a photon?

A

E = hf

h- planks constant
f- frequency

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15
Q

What is the formula for the energy of a photon?

A

E= hc/lambda

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16
Q

what is radioactive decay?

A

process by which unstable atoms change their chemical composition over time.

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17
Q

What is alpha decay?

A

loss of one He nucleus, which has a mass of 4 and atomic number of 2

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18
Q

What is beta decay?

A

neutron is changed into a proton - ejection of an electron

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19
Q

What is electron capture ?

A

proton is changed into neutron - via capture of electron

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20
Q

What is positron emission?

A

proton is changed into a neutron- expulsion of positron

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21
Q

What is gamma emission?

A

gamma rays are usually emitted as a byproduct of the types of decay outlined

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22
Q

What is half-life?

A

the amount of time required for exactly one-half of the mass of that substance to disappear due to radioactive decay

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23
Q

___ bonding orbitals are higher in energy than __ orbitals

A

anti, bonding

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24
Q

What’s the difference between covalent and ionic bonds?

A

covalent - 2 nonmetals are bonded (sharing of electrons)

ionic - metal and nonmetal (electrostatic attraction)

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25
Q

What makes a good electrolyte?

A

when compounds dissociate completely in water (ionic compounds are always good electrolytes)

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26
Q

Which two elements in the periodic table, if bonded, would create a bond with the maximum possible ionic character?

A

Francium fluoride

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27
Q

What is condosity?

A

molar concentration of a sodium chloride solution that has the same specific electrical conductance as the solution under test

28
Q

What is bond length?

A

distance between nuclei of the atoms forming the bond

29
Q

What is bond energy?

A

energy required to break a bond

30
Q

Energy is ___ to break a bond, energy is __ when a bond is formed

A

required, released

31
Q

What is the heat of combustion?

A

the amount of energy released when a molecule is combusted with oxygen

32
Q

The higher the energy of a molecule (less stable), the __ the heat of combustion

A

higher

33
Q

Why do bonds form?

A

form bonds when the resulting bond is a lower energy state

34
Q

What is the difference between empirical and molecular formulas?

A

empirical - lowest possible number of moles that keep the original ratio in a chemical formula CH2O

molecular- the actual moles of each element C6H12O6

35
Q

How do you calculate percent mass?

A

percent mass= mass of one element of the compound/total mass of compound x 100

36
Q

how do you derive a chemical formula from percent mass?

A
  1. change percent mass of each element to grams
  2. convert the grams into moles by dividing by molar mass
  3. look at the element with lowest number of moles, divide into other molar amounts for each element to find ratio
37
Q

What is the chemical formula for chlorate?

A

ClO3-

38
Q

What is the chemical formula for nitrite and nitrate?

A

nitrite - NO2-

nitrate - NO3-

39
Q

What is the chemical formula for chlorate and perchlorate?

A

chlorate - ClO3-

perchlorate - ClO4-

40
Q

What is the chemical formula for hypochlorite?

A

ClO-

41
Q

What is the chemical formula for carbonate and bicarbonate?

A

carbonate - CO3 2-

bicarbonate - HCO3-

42
Q

What is the chemical formula for sulfate?

A

SO4 2-

43
Q

What is the chemical formula for manganate?

A

MnO4 2-

44
Q

What is the chemical formula for permanganate?

A

MnO4-

45
Q

How do you name acids, where the ion ends in “ate”

A

“ic” nitrate turns into nitric acid

46
Q

If an ion ends in “ite” the acid ends with __

A

“ous” nitrite -> nitrous acid

47
Q

If there is a single ion, the acid is named with __ as the prefix and __ as the suffix

A

hydro, ic

iodide -> hydroiodic acid

48
Q

What is the difference between atomic weight and molecular weight?

A

atomic - mass of one mole of any atom

molecular - sum of the masses of each element

49
Q

How do you calculate the limiting reagent?

A
  1. have a balanced eq.

2. convert to moles to see which reactant is less

50
Q

What is theoretical yield, actual yield and percent yield?

A

theoretical - amount of product in grams that would be produced if 100% completion

actual - experiment amount

percent yield - ratio of actual yield over theoretical yield x100

51
Q

What are 2 ways to increase yield?

A

start with more reactants

shift equilibrium to right - (remove products as they are formed)

52
Q

How to calculate how much oxygen is needed for combustion

A

add 1 for each carbon and subtract 0.5 for each oxygen. (this is a ranking system not the exact moles required)

53
Q

Which requires the most oxygen to combust, propane, propanol or propanoic acid?

A

propane needs most, propanol, and propanoic acid needs most oxygen

54
Q

What is equilibrium?

A

the state reached in the progress of a reversible reaction where there ceases to be additional NET progress in either forward or reverse direction

55
Q

What is the formula for the law of mass action?

A

Keq= products/reactants

56
Q

How does addition of a catalyst, increased temp, lowering activation energy, stabilizing the transition state, and addition of reactants/products affect equilibrium?

A 
catalyst - no effect
increase temp = exothermic rxn- increase Keq. 
lowering activation energy = no effect
stabilizing transition state = no effect
adding products/reactants = no effect
57
Q

What is the reaction quotient?

A

calculation of products/reactants taken at any other point than equilibrium

58
Q

If Q>K, the reaction will proceed to the __

A

left

59
Q

If Q

A

right

60
Q

What is le chatelier’s principle?

A

systems at equilibrium that experience change will shift left or right to reduce effects of that change and re-establish equilibrium

61
Q

What is the difference between kinetics and thermodynamics?

A

kinetics - study of reaction rate (how fast reactants disappear)
thermodynamics - reflect the potential reactivity (enthalpy, free energy, entropy and Keq)

62
Q

What 2 things must occur for a reaction to start?

A
  1. the reactants must collide with enough energy to overcome the energy of activation
  2. the reactants must be in the correct spatial orientation
63
Q

How will increasing reactants, products, catalyst, energy of activation, energy of transition state, energy of reactants , and temperature affect rate of reaction?

A

inc. reactants = inc rate
inc. products = no effect
inc. catalyst = inc. rate
inc. energy of activation = dec. rate
inc. energy of transition state = dec. rate
inc. temp = inc. rate

64
Q

the overall order of a reaction=

A

the sum of the exponents in the rate law

65
Q

How do you calculate the order of each reactant using experimental data?

A
  1. find two trials where reactant in question changed
  2. note the factor by which reactant concentration changed
  3. note factor by which rate changed across those same 2 trials
  4. solve for Y in X^Y = Z.
    X = factor which reactant changed
    Y= order
    Z= factor by which rate changed

mcat (15 decks)

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