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GCSE biology Flashcards

1
Q

what are some abiotic factors?

7

A 
moisture level
light intensity
temperature
carbon dioxide level
wind intensity and direction 
oxygen level
soil pH and mineral content
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2
Q

what are some biotic factors?

4

A

new predators arriving
competition
new pathogens
availability of food

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3
Q

what are some ways to study the distribution of an organism?

2

A

measure how common an organism is in two sample areas (using quadrats) and compare them

study how distribution changes across an area (by placing quadrats along a transect)

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4
Q

what is the 1st step to use quadrats to study distribution of small organisms?

A

place a 1m(2) quadrat on the ground at a random point within the first sample area (divide the area into a grid and use a random number generator to pick coordinates)

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5
Q

what is the 2nd step to use quadrats to study distribution of small organisms?

A

count all the organisms within the quadrat

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6
Q

what is the 3rd step to use quadrats to study distribution of small organisms?

A

repeat steps 1-2 as many times as you can

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7
Q

what is the 4th step to use quadrats to study distribution of small organisms?

A

work out the mean number of organisms per quadrat within the first sample area (total number of organisms/number of quadrats)

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8
Q

what is the 5th step to use quadrats to study distribution of small organisms?

A

repeat steps 1 to 4 in the second sample area

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9
Q

`what is the 6th step to use quadrats to study distribution of small organisms?

A

finally compare the two means

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10
Q

how can you calculate the population size of an organism in one area?
(2)

A
  1. work out the mean number of organisms per m(2)

2. then multiply the mean by the total area of the habitat

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11
Q

what are biotic factors?

A

living things in our environment (e.g. food)

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12
Q

what does population mean?

A

all organisms of one species living in a habitat

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13
Q

what are abiotic factors?

A

non-living factors in our environment e.g. temperature

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14
Q

what does habitat mean?

A

the place where an organism lives

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15
Q

describe the system that classifies living organisms

7

A 
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
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16
Q

what did Carl Woese do and when?

A

in 1990 he developed the 3 domain system
Woese discovered that species that had once been thought to be closely related by traditional systems were not as closely related as first thought

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17
Q

what are organisms split into in Carl Woeses system?

A

bacteria
archaea
eukaryota

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18
Q

what consists within the archaea group?

A

organisms that are primitive bacteria, often found in extreme places such as hot springs and salt lakes

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19
Q

what consists within the bacteria group?

A

pure bacteria such as E.coli. Although they are similar to archaea there are lots of biochemical differences between them

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20
Q

what do evolutionary trees do?

A
  • they show us how scientists think that species are related

- they show common ancestors and the relationships between different species

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21
Q

how are organisms named in the binomial system?

A

they are given a two part Latin name

  • the first part refers to what genes the organism is from
  • the second part relates to what species it is
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22
Q

why is the binomial system helpful?

A

the binomial system is used worldwide and means that scientists from other countries or that speak different languages all refer to the same species by the same name-avoiding confusion.

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23
Q

what consists with the eukaryota group?

A

a wide range of organisms such as protists, fungi, plants and animals

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24
Q

what are organisms named after?

A

the binomial system

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25
Q

what is the 2nd step to check for lipids?

A

use a pipette to add 3 of drops of sudan III stain solution to the testing tube and mix the contents by shaking the tube

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26
Q

what is the 3rd step to check for lipids?

A

sudan III stain solution stains lipids. If lipids are present the solution will seperate out into 2 layers, the top layer will be bright red

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27
Q

what is the 1st step to check for lipids?

A

prepare a food sample and add 5cm(3) to a test tube

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28
Q

what is the 2nd step to check for proteins?

A

add 2cm(3) of biuret solution to the test tube and shake the tube to mix the contents

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29
Q

what is the 3rd step to check for proteins?

A

if protein is present the solution will change from blue to purple

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30
Q

what is the 1st step to check for proteins?

A

prepare a food sample and add 5cm(3) to a test tube

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31
Q

what is the 2nd step to check for starch?

A

add 5cm(3) of iodine solution to the test tube, if starch is present the solution will change from browny-orange to black or blue-black

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32
Q

what is the 1st step to check for starch?

A

prepare a food sample and add 5cm(3) to a test tube

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33
Q

what is the formula to calculate the rate of reaction?

A

rate=1000/time

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34
Q

what do carbohydrase’s do?

A

they break down carbohydrates into simple sugars (maltose)

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35
Q

what is the 8th step to calculate the effect pH on enzyme activity?

A

remember to control any variables to make the experiment a fair test

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36
Q

what is the 7th step to calculate the effect pH on enzyme activity?

A

repeat the experiment several times with buffer solutions of different pHs to see how pH effects the rate of the starch being broken down.

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37
Q

what is the 6th step to calculate the effect pH has on enzyme activity?

A

use continous sampling to record the time the amylase solution takes to break down the starch. To do this use a dropping pipette to put a drop of fresh solution onto a spotting well every 30 seconds. Once the solution remains browny-orange colour starch is no longer present

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38
Q

what is the 5th step to calculate the effect pH on enzyme activity?

A

immediately mix the contents of the test tube and start a stop clock

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39
Q

what is the 4th step to calculate the effect of pH on enzyme activity?

A

next use a different syringe to add 5cm(3) of a starch solution to the boiling tube

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40
Q

what is the 3rd step to calculate the effect of pH on enzyme activity?

A

using a pipette add 1cm(3) of amylase solution and 1cm(3) of a buffer solution with pH of 5 to a boiling tube. using test tube holders, put the tube into the beaker of water and wait 5 minutes

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41
Q

what is the 2nd step to calculate the effect of pH on enzyme activity?

A

place a Bunsen burner on top of a heat proof mat and a gauze and tripod onto of the Bunsen burner. Place a beaker of water on top on the gauze and heat it until it is 35 degrees (use a thermometer to measure the temperature) try and keep the temperature of the water relatively constant throughout the experiment.

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42
Q

what is the 1st step to calculate the effect of pH on enzyme activity?

A

put a drop of iodine solution into every well of a spotting tile

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43
Q

what is a ecosystem?

A

the interaction of a community of living organisms (biotic) with the non-living (abiotic) parts of their environment

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44
Q

what does distribution mean?

A

where an organism is found

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45
Q

what does community mean?

A

the populations of a different species living in a habitat

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46
Q

what is the 2nd step of the hearts circulation of blood?

A

the atria contact, forcing the blood into the ventricles

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47
Q

what is the 3rd step of the hearts circulation of blood?

A

the ventricles contract, forcing the blood through the pulmonary artery and aorta and out of the heart

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48
Q

how do you calculate the rate of blood flow?

A

volume of blood/number of minutes

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49
Q

what are the 4 heart chambers?

A

the right atrium
the left atrium
the right ventricle
the left ventricle

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50
Q

what is the 4th step of the hearts circulation of blood?

A

the blood goes around to all of the bodies cells, it does this through arteries and comes back to the heart through veins

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51
Q

what is the 5th step of the hearts circulation of blood?

A

the atria fill and the whole cycle repeats

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52
Q

what is the formula to calculate the rate of reaction?

A

rate=1000/time

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53
Q

what is the pituitary gland?

A

often referred to as the ‘master gland’-it secretes several hormones and stimulates some organs to secrete hormones in order to balance bodily conditions

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54
Q

what is the endocrine system?

A

a group of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

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55
Q

what are the 2 main types of cells?

A

prokaryote

eukaryote

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56
Q

what does oestrogen do?

A

it causes the uterus lining to grow and helps maintain the lining from day 14 to day 28
-inhibits the release of FSH and stimulates the release of LH

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57
Q

what is the first stage of the menstrual cycle?

A

day 1-menstuation begins-the uterus lining starts to break down (lasts for 4 days)

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58
Q

what is a hormone?

A

a chemical produced by a gland, secreted into the blood that has a biological effect on a target organ

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59
Q

what does the pancreas do?

A
  • produces digestive enzymes amylase, protease and lipase

- releases these into the small intestine

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60
Q

why do organisms need energy?

A

contraction
homeostasis
groeth

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61
Q

what is the dependent variable?

A

the thing you measure

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62
Q

what are some properties of hormones?

A
  • long lasting
  • slower reaction
  • react in a more general way
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63
Q

what is the fourth stage of the menstrual cycle?

A

the uterus lining is maintained from day 14 to day 28, at day 28 if no fertilized egg is implanted into the lining the uterus lining breaks down and the whole cycle repeats. but if a fertilized egg is implanted the cycle stops.

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64
Q

what does progesterone do?

A

maintains the uterus lining from day 14 to day 28, when the levels of progesterone falls the lining breaks
-inhibits the release of LH and FSH

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65
Q

what is the fifth step of the photosynthesis practical?

A

calculate the average number of bubbles produced per minute, repeat the experiment at different distances away from the light source

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66
Q

what is the fourth step of the photosynthesis practical?

A

position the boiling tube so that the pondweed is 10cm away from the light source. Allow the boiling tube to stand for 5 minutes. Count the number of bubbles emerging from the cut stem in 1 minute. Repeat the count 5 times and record your results.

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67
Q

what is the third step of the photosynthesis practical?

A

use forceps to place the pondweed in the boiling tube carefully. Make sure that you dont damage the pondweed or cause the liquid to overflow

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68
Q

what is the second step of the photosynthesis practical?

A

cut a piece of the pondweed, the pondweed should be 8cm long

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69
Q

what is the first step of the photosynthesis practical?

A

set up a boiling tube containing 45cm(3) of sodium hydrogen carbonate solution. Allow the tube to stand for a few minutes and shake to disperse any air bubbles that may have formed

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70
Q

what is the second stage of the menstrual cycle?

A

day 5-the uterus lining builds again, into a spongy layer of blood vessels ready to receive a fertilized egg until day 14

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71
Q

what is the 6th step of the negative feedback cycle?

A

communication system informs effectors

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72
Q

what are the endocrine glands?

A

found in different places (such as the pancreas)

  • produces and secretes hormones which are passed into the blood
  • consists of glands and organs
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73
Q

what is the third stage of the menstrual cycle?

A

day 14-the release of an mature egg (ovulation)

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74
Q

what problems does diabetes mellitus cause?

A
  • blood glucose becomes dangerously high, damaging cells

- glucose cannot be stored as glucogen for later use

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75
Q

what does the pancreas do?

A

the pancreas senses change in blood glucose levels

-produces hormones (insulin) that enable glucoregluation

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76
Q

what is the 1st step of the hearts circulation of blood?

A

blood flows into the two atria from the vena cava and the pulmonary vein

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77
Q

what does FSH do?

A

causes the ovaries to mature an egg in a structure called a follicle
-stimulates the release of oestrogen

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78
Q

where is oestrogen produced?

A

ovaries

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79
Q

where is progesterone produced?

A

ovaries

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80
Q

what does LH stand for?

A

luteinizing hormone

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81
Q

what does LH do?

A

causes ovulation

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82
Q

what is a target organ?

A

a particular organ a hormone acts on

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83
Q

where is LH produced?

A

the pituitary gland

84
Q

where is FSH produced?

A

the pituitary gland

85
Q

how fast is the endocrine system?

A

slower acting (lasts longer)

86
Q

what does FSH stand for?

A

follicle stimulating hormone

87
Q

what do the ovaries produce?

A

oestrogen

88
Q

what removes glucose from the blood?

A

metabolism of cells

exercise

88
Q

what removes glucose from the blood?

A

metabolism of cells

exercise

89
Q

what are the treatments of type 2 diabetes?

A
  • have a carbohydrate controlled diet-limit the amount of carbohydrates and sugar you consume
  • adopt a exercise regime
90
Q

what happens to glucose in excess?

A

stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles

91
Q

what is type 2 diabetes?

A

where the bodies cells are unable to respond to insulin (insulin resistance)

92
Q

what does the pancreas produce?

A

insulin

93
Q

what happens if the blood glucose levels are too low?

A

glycagon is added

-causes the liver to convert glycogen back into glucose

94
Q

what happens if the blood glucose levels are too high?

A

insulin is added

-stimulates the ovaries to convert glucose into glycogen

95
Q

what does the pancreas try to do for people who suffer from type 2 diabetes?

A

the pancreas tries to compensate for this resistance by producing more insulin
-if the pancreas cannot overcome this then type 2 diabetes develops

96
Q

what is glucoregluation?

A

control of blood glucose levels

97
Q

what is glucogen?

A

insoluble

98
Q

what is glucose?

A

soluble

99
Q

what is type 1 diabetes?

A

the pancreas is unable to produce enough insulin to control blood glucose levels

100
Q

how is type 1 diabetes treated?

A

insulin injections

  • injected into the subcutaneous fat
  • slow absorption
  • lies directly underneath the skin
101
Q

what is sterilisation?

A

where the follopian tubes are cut or tied-permanent procedure although their is a chance they could rejoin

102
Q

what are some key points to know about type 1 diabetes?

A
  • symptoms can be fatal if not treated correctly
  • -must inject themselves before meals or eating
  • the amount of insulin injected depends on the physical activity levels and how much they eat
103
Q

what do the testes produce?

A

testosterone

104
Q

what is diabetes mellitus?

A

a disease in which the bodies insulin control mechanism is impaired (from birth)

105
Q

what does testosterone do?

A

causes sperm production and puberty in males

106
Q

what do the adrenal glands produce?

A

adrenaline

107
Q

what does adrenaline do?

A

prepares the body for a fight or fight response

108
Q

what do the thyroid glands produce?

A

thyroxine

109
Q

where is lipase produced?

A
  • the small intestine

- the pancreas

110
Q

what 3 things need to be controlled in order to survive?

A
  • water balance (too much or not enough can kill you)
  • body temperature (too hot or to cold can kill you)
  • blood glucose levels
111
Q

what does thyroxine do?

A

regulates basal metabolic rate

112
Q

what is the 5th step of the negative feedback cycle?

A

effectors react to reverse the change

113
Q

what is the 6th step of the negative feedback cycle?

A

return to optimum conditions

114
Q

why is homeostasis important?

A

it provides the optimum conditions for our body cells to function properly

115
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

maintaining stable internal conditions

116
Q

what is the third step of the negative feedback cycle?

A

receptors detect change

117
Q

what is the 2nd step of the negative feedback cycle?

A

change away from the optimum

118
Q

what is the 1st step of the negative feedback cycle?

A

optimum conditions

119
Q

what is the 7th step of the negative feedback cycle?

A

repeat

120
Q

what are the stimuleses?

A
  • light
  • chemicals
  • vibrations (sound)
  • touch
  • heat
  • pressure
  • pain
  • itch
121
Q

what is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide + water —–> glucose + oxygen

122
Q

what are the senses?

A
  • sound
  • touch
  • sight
  • smell
  • taste
123
Q

what process is photosynthesis? endothermic or exothermic?

A

endothermic

124
Q

what is the second stage of drug testing?

A

tested on animals in a lab

  • this is too see if the drug works
  • the best dosage
  • the toxicity (how harmful it is)
125
Q

what did thalidomide do to pregnant women?

A

in the early pregnancy it affected the developing foetus causing birth defects

125
Q

what did thalidomide do to pregnant women?

A

in the early pregnancy it affected the developing foetus causing birth defects

125
Q

what did thalidomide do to pregnant women?

A

in the early pregnancy it affected the developing foetus causing birth defects

126
Q

what is a eukaryotic cell?

A

an animal or plant cell

127
Q

how is HIV transmitted?

A
  • exchange of bodily fluids
  • lacerations
  • sexual contact
128
Q

what is the symbol equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO(2) + 6H(2)O —-> C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6O(2)

129
Q

what is the equation to work out light intensity?

A

light intensity= 1/distance(2)

130
Q

what are the 4 limiting factors of photosynthesis?

A
  • temperature
  • light intensity
  • amount of carbon dioxide
  • amount of chlorophyll
131
Q

what are 3 examples of bacterial diseases?

A
  • leprosy
  • cholera
  • plague
132
Q

what are some treatments for CHD?

A
  • stents
  • statins
  • heart transplants
  • artificial hearts
133
Q

what are the causes of CHD?

A
  • smoking
  • stress
  • lack of exercise
  • bad diet
134
Q

how is gonrrhoea transmitted?

A

through sexual contact or from mother to baby during birth

135
Q

how are pathogens spread?

A
  • direct contact
  • through air
  • through water
  • through unhygienic food preparation
  • crowded conditions
  • by vectors
136
Q

what are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?

A
  • unusual discharge

- pain when urinating

137
Q

what are the symptoms of HIV?

A
  • sore throat
  • body rash
  • raised temperature
138
Q

what are painkillers?

A

treat the symptoms of the the disease but do not kill the bacterial pathogens that cause it

139
Q

define a stem cell and state two features

A

a stem cell is a cell that has not yet become a specialized cell

  • mutate quickly
  • low chance of rejection
140
Q

what are uncommunicable diseases?

A

diseases not spread from person to person

141
Q

give 3 advantages of using stem cells from adult bone marrow instead of from embryos

A
  • considered a safe procedure
  • this transplant is cheaper
  • can give verbal consent
142
Q

what are the symptoms of salmonella?

A
  • abdominal pain
  • fever
  • diarrhoea
143
Q

how is salmonella transmitted?

A

by consuming foods contaminated with animal faeces

144
Q

what do capillaries do?

A

are involved in the exchange of materials at the tissues

145
Q

what is health?

A

refers to your state of physical and mental well being

146
Q

what is the first stage of drug testing?

A

tested on human cells and tissues in the lab (you cannot use human cells and tissues that affect multiple of whole body systems)

147
Q

what happens as the CO2 concentration increases in photosynthesis?

A

the rate of photosynthesis will increase steadily but only upto a certain point

147
Q

what happens as the CO2 concentration increases in photosynthesis?

A

the rate of photosynthesis will increase steadily but only upto a certain point

148
Q

what decides what factor is limiting?

A

environmental conditions such as:
-at night
-in winter
if it is warm enough and bright enough CO2 concentration is limiting

149
Q

what is the active site?

A

a unique shape that a enzyme has that attaches to a substance

150
Q

what sleeping pill was released in the 1950s?

A

thalidomide

151
Q

why are patients given a placebo?

A

allows the doctors to see if the drug makes a difference

152
Q

what was the history behind thalidomide?

A

it was never tested on pregnant women

153
Q

what did doctors find out about thalidomide?

A

it relived morning sickness

154
Q

what is passive immunity?

A

antibodies given to you from another organism

155
Q

what are the advantages of vaccination?

A
  • diseases that were once common are now rare due to wide spread vaccination
  • epidemics can be prevented
156
Q

what are the disadvantages of vaccination?

A
  • can have side effects

- does not always guarantee immunity

157
Q

where does photosynthesis take place?

A

chloroplasts

158
Q

what is a limiting factor?

A

something stopping the rate of photosynthesis happening any faster

159
Q

what are the action sites of protease?

A

the small intestine

the stomach

160
Q

what is gonorrhoea?

A

a common sexually transmitted disease caused by bacteria

161
Q

give 3 advantages of using stem cells from embryos instead of from adult bone marrow

A
  • can develop into a wide range of cell types
  • can mutate quickly
  • low chance of rejection
162
Q

what is the positive color for protein?

A

purple

163
Q

what is the function of cytoplasm?

A

where most of the chemical reactions happen

164
Q

what is the function of chlorophyll?

A

absorbs light energy for photosynthesis

165
Q

how is a nerve cell specialised?

A
  • lots of dendrites
  • an axon that carries the nerve impulse from one place to another
  • the nerve endings are adapted to help pass impulses
166
Q

what is the function of the mouth?

A

mechanically breaks down food (saliva contains digestive enzymes)

167
Q

what is an enzyme?

A

a protein molecule that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction and lowers the activation energy

168
Q

how big are eukaryotic cells?

A

10 to 100 micrometres

169
Q

how big are prokaryotic cells?

A

1 micrometre

170
Q

what is the cell membrane?

A

partially permeable

171
Q

how is a sperm cell specialised?

A
  • stream line head
  • contains mitochondria
  • contains special proteins
  • has a tail
172
Q

what is the positive color for sugar?

A

orange or red

173
Q

what is the circulatory system?

A

a type of specialized transport system made up of a group of organs that work together to move substances around the body

174
Q

what is active transport?

A

moves substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration (against a concentration gradient)

175
Q

what are the disadvantages of stents?

A
  • require surgery

- can cause blood clots

176
Q

how can faulty heart valves be fixed?

A

by using biological heart valves from pigs or cows or using mechanical valves

177
Q

what is a plasmid?

A

one or more small rings of DNA

178
Q

what are antibiotics?

A

kill the pathogens that cause a bacterial disease inside the body

179
Q

what are artificial hearts?

A

made from plastic or metal and give the heart a rest

  • short term
  • shorter waiting period
  • less chance of rejection
180
Q

what is the function of ribosomes?

A

where proteinsynthesis occurs

181
Q

what is the function of chloroplasts?

A

contains enzymes needed for photosynthesis and chlorophyll

182
Q

what is a prokaryote cell?

A

a bacteria cell

183
Q

what are some properties of eukaryotic cells?

A
  • have DNA
  • Have DNA enclosed within a nucleus
  • have ribosomes
  • have a cell membrane
  • have a cell wall (only plant cells)
  • contain membrane bound organelles
184
Q

what are some properties of prokaryotic cells?

A
  • has DNA
  • has cell membrane
  • has cell wall
  • has DNA plasmid in cytoplasm
  • ribsomes
185
Q

what happens as the light intensity in photosynthesis?

A

the rate of photosynthesis increases steadily but only upto a certain point

186
Q

what happens if the temperature increases in photosynthesis?

A

if temperature is limiting, it is too low (the enzymes involved in photosynthesis work more slowly)
but if the temperature increases past 35 degrees the enzymes are damaged and becomes denatured

187
Q

what is the definition of a placebo?

A

is sometimes given to the control group, looks exactly like the real treatment but has no drug in it

188
Q

what is photosynthesis?

A

uses energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen

189
Q

what are some artificial ways to create the ideal conditions needed for photosynthesis?

A
  • greenhouse
  • paraffin heaters
  • ventilators
  • heaters
  • fertilizers
  • artificial light
190
Q

what is the third stage of drug testing?

A

tested on healthy volunteers

  • to see whether it has any effect on the body working normally
  • a very low dosage is given and gradually increased

tested on people suffering from disease
-an optimum dosage is found

191
Q

what is metabolism?

A

refers to all the chemical reactions that happen inside the body

192
Q

what are the action sites of amylase?

A

the small intestine

-the mouth

193
Q

what does the stomach do?

A 
produces protease enzyme pepsin
pummels food with muscular walls
contains hydrochloric acid
-kills bacteria
-changes conditions from alkaline to acidic
194
Q

what does amylase do?

A

breaks down starch into its simple sugars (maltose)

195
Q

what does lipase do?

A

breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

196
Q

what does the gall bladder do?

A

stores bile

197
Q

what does the salivary glands do?

A

contains amylase enzyme and helps to break down food

198
Q

what is the independent variable?

A

what is controlled or changed

199
Q

what is the resting heart rate controlled by?

A

a group of cells located in the right atrium that act as a pace maker

200
Q

what is diffusion?

A

the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

201
Q

what is the function of the esophagus?

A

a muscular tube that passes food from the mouth to the stomach

202
Q

define a cell

A

the most basic unit that make up a living thing

Science (3 decks)

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