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Science > GCSE Chemistry > Flashcards

GCSE Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

what is the 1st stage of making a salt?

A

you need to pick the right acid plus an insoluble base such as insoluble hydroxide, metal oxide or carbonate

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2
Q

what is the 4th stage of a LCA?

A

product disposal:

  • disposal in landfill-takes space and pollutes
  • energy is used in transportation
  • could be burnt-pollution
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3
Q

what are some disadvantages of a LCA?

A
  • The effect of some pollutants is harder to give a numerical value
  • can be biased
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4
Q

what is potable water?

A

water that has been treated or is naturally safe for humans to drink

  • is not pure-contains other dissolved substances
  • has a pH of between 6.6 and 8.5
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5
Q

what is meant by filtration in terms of water treating?

A

a wire mesh screens out large twigs etc, and then gravel and sand beds filter out any other solid bits

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6
Q

what is meant by sterilization in terms of water treating?

A

the water is sterilized to kill any harmful bacteria or microbes-this can be done by bubbling chlorine gas through it or by using ozone or ultra violet light.

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7
Q

what is ground water?

A

in rocks called aquifers that trap water underground

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8
Q

what is surface water?

A

in lakes, rivers and reservoir’s

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9
Q

what is fresh water?

A

doesn’t have much dissolved in it

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10
Q

what are some problems with obtaining potable water?

A

in dry countries there isn’t enough surface or ground water and instead sea water must be used.

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11
Q

how can we solve the problems in obtaining potable water?

A
  • treated by desalination (distillation) to provide potable water
  • treated by membranes-reverse osmosis
  • both need large amounts of energy and cannot be used to provide large amounts of potable water
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12
Q

what are some sources of waste water?

A
  • homes waste-having a batch, going to the toilet
  • agricultural systems
  • sewage
  • industrial processes
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13
Q

describe the stages of treating sewage

A

1) screening
2) sedimentation
3) aerobic digestion
4) anaerobic digestion
5) gas and digested waste produced/natural gas/fertiliser
6) water released back into the environment

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14
Q

what happens to water containing toxic substances?

A

adding chemicals, UV radiation or using membranes

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15
Q

what is meant by aerobic digestion?

A

when air is pumped through the water t encourage aerobic bacteria to breakdown any organic matter (including other microbes)

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16
Q

what is meant by anaerobic digestion?

A

bacteria breaks down the organic matter in the sludge, releasing methane gas (methane gas can be used for energy)

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17
Q

what is the 1st step of the color change practical?

A

using a measuring cylinder, ass 50cm(3) of dilute sodium thiosulfate solution to a conical flask

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18
Q

what is produced at the cathode in aqueous solutions?

A

is the metals more reactive than hydrogen, hydrogen is produced
if the metal is less reactive than hydrogen then hydrogen, the metal is produced

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19
Q

what is produced at the anode in aqueous solutions?

A

if halide ions are present, the halogen is formed

if halide ions are absent, oxygen is given off

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20
Q

describe the reactivity series?

A 
potassium
sodium
lithium
calcium
magnesium
carbon
zinc
iron
hydrogen
copper
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21
Q

what is a electrolyte?

A

ionic compounds that dissolve in water to make a solution that conducts electricity

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22
Q

what is the equation for calculating rate?

A

rate=gradient=change in y/change in x

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23
Q

how do you work out the empirical formula?

A

count up how many atoms there are of each element

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24
Q

what is one advantage and disadvantage of the dot and cross diagram?

A

advantage
shows the bonding in covalent compounds

disadvantage
they don’t show the relative sizes of the atoms

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25
Q

describe the temperature changes practical

3-4

A
  1. sodium carbonate powder is tipped into a beaker of ethanoic acid which contains a thermometer showing room temperature
  2. the beaker now contains sodium ethanoate, water and carbon dioxide. The thermometer is showing a fall in temperature, so this was a endothermic reaction
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26
Q

describe the temperature changes practical

1-2

A
  1. sodium hydroxide solution is poured into a beaker of hydrochloric acid which contains a thermometer showing room temperature
  2. the beaker now contains sodium chloride and water. The thermometer is showing a rise in temperature so the neutralization reaction is exothermic
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27
Q

what is the equation for relative atomic mass?

A

sum of=(isotope abundance x isotope mass number)/sum of abundances of all the isotopes

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28
Q

what is the first step of paper chromatography?

A

draw a line near the bottom of a sheet of filter paper

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29
Q

what is the second step of paper chromatography?

A

add a spot of ink to the line and place the sheet in a beaker of solvent

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30
Q

what is the third step of paper chromatography?

A

the solvent used depends on what’s being tested, some compounds dissolve well in water but sometimes other solvents are needed

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31
Q

what is the fourth step of paper chromatography?

A

make sure the ink isn’t touching the solvent

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32
Q

what is the fifth step of paper chromatography?

A

place a lid on top of the container to stop the solvent evaporating

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33
Q

what is the sixth step of paper chromatography?

A

the solvent seeps up the paper, carrying the ink with it

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34
Q

what is the seventh step of paper chromatography?

A

each different dye in the ink will move up the paper at different rates so the dyes will separate out

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35
Q

what is the eighth step of paper chromatography?

A

if any of the dyes in the ink are insoluble in the solvent you’ve used, they’ll stay on the base line

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36
Q

what is the ninth step of paper chromatography?

A

when the solvent has nearly reached the top of the paper, take the paper out of the beaker and leave it to dry

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37
Q

what is the tenth step of paper chromatography?

A

the end result is a pattern of spots called a chromatogram

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38
Q

what is simple distillation?

A

used for separating out a liquid from a solution

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39
Q

what is the symbol equation for the harbor process?

A

N(2) + 3H(2) (reversible symbol) 2NH(3) + 92ksMol(-1)

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40
Q

what is the fourth step of the color change practical?

A

look down through the reaction mixture. when the cross can no longer be seen, record the time on the stop clock

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41
Q

where to the reactants in the harbor process come from?

A

nitrogen-from the air

hydrogen-from methane gas reacted with steam

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42
Q

what is the 5th step to calculate rate from a graph?

A

calculate the gradient (change in vertical, change in horizontal)

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43
Q

how can you measure the rate of reaction?

A
  • quantity of reactant used/time taken

- quantity of product formed/time taken

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44
Q

what is bioleaching?

A

bacteria are used to convert copper compounds in the ore into soluble copper compounds separating out the copper from the ore in the process

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45
Q

what is sustainable development?

A

an approach to develop the needs of present society while not damaging the lives of future generations

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46
Q

what is a ‘leachate’?

A

the solution produced by the process which contains copper ions which can be extracted by displacement or electrolysis

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47
Q

what are some activities that increase the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere?

A
  • deforestation
  • burning fossil fuels
  • agriculture
  • creating waste
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48
Q

what are some properties of simple molecular substances?

A
  • strong covalent bonds
  • forces of attraction between molecules are very weak
  • very low melting and boiling points
  • gases or liquids at room temperature
  • don’t conduct electricity
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49
Q

what are some properties of polymers?

A
  • solid at room temperature

- have lower boiling and melting points than ionic or giant molecular substances

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50
Q

what are some properties of fullernes?

A
  • huge surface area-make great industrial catalysts
  • used to deliver drugs into the body
  • great lubricants
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51
Q

what are formulations?

A

mixtures with exact amounts of components

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52
Q

what is involved in the 2nd phase of the earths early atmosphere?

A
  • water vapor in the atmosphere condensed and formed the oceans
  • carbon dioxide was removed from the atmosphere and dissolved in oceans
  • later marine animals evolved
  • green plants and algae evolved and absorbed some of the carbon dioxide so that they could carry out photosynthesis
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53
Q

what is involved in the 3rd phase of the earths early atmosphere?

A
  • green plants and algae produced oxygen by photosynthesis
  • algae evolved first-2.7 billion years ago
  • in the next billion years plants evolved
  • more complex life could evolve due to increasing oxygen levels
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54
Q

what is involved in the 1st phase of the earths early atmosphere?

A

the first billion years of the earths history, the surface was covered in volcanoes that erupted and released carbon dioxide with virtually no oxygen, nitrogen, water vapor and small amounts of methane and ammonia

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55
Q

what is the formula for Rf?

A

Rf=distance travelled by substance/distance travelled by solvent

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56
Q

what is a Rf value?

A

the ratio between the distance travelled by the dissolved substance and the distance travelled by the solvent

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57
Q

what is the 3rd step of the gas practical?

A

add 0.4g of calcium carbonate to the flask, immediately connect the gas syringe and start a stop clock

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58
Q

what are saturated compounds?

A

each carbon atoms forms 4 single carbon bonds

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59
Q

what is the 2nd step of the gas practical?

A

using a measuring cylinder, ass 50cm(3) of dilute hydrochloric acid to a conical flask

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60
Q

what is complete combustion?

A

carbon and hydrogen atoms in the fuel react with oxygen and are oxidized in an exothermic reaction

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61
Q

what does volatile mean?

A

how easy it turns into a gas

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62
Q

what is the homologous series?

A

a group of organic compounds that react in a similar way

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63
Q

what is the 3rd step of fractional distillation?

A

the different gases can be collected separately

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64
Q

what is the 2nd step of the color change practical?

A

place the conical flask on a piece of paper with a black cross drawn on it

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65
Q

what is the 3rd step of the color change practical?

A

using a different measuring cylinder, add 10cm(3) of dilute hydrochloric acid to the conical flask. Immediately swirl the flask to mix its contents and start a stop clock

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66
Q

what is the 6th step of the color change practical?

A

repeat steps 1-5 with different starting temperatures of sodium thiosulfate solution

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67
Q

what is steam cracking?

A

uses a high temperature of 550 degrees and no catalyst

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68
Q

what are the products from complete combustion?

A

carbon dioxide and water

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69
Q

what is the relative mass and charge of a neutron?

A

relative mass charge

1 0

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70
Q

what are organic compounds?

A

compounds that contain carbon atoms

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71
Q

what is the formula for methane?

A

CH(4)

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72
Q

what is the 5th step of the color change practical?

A

measure and record the temperature of the reaction mixture, and clean the apparatus as instructed by a teacher

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73
Q

what is the formula for propane?

A

C(3)H(8)

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74
Q

what are alkenes?

A

contain at least one double carbon bond

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75
Q

what happens if you increase the rate of reaction?

A
  • the movement increases (kinetic energy)

- increases the rate of collisions

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76
Q

what is the 6th step of the gas practical?

A

repeat step 1-5 with different concentrations of hydrochloric acid

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77
Q

what are the units for the rate of reaction?

A

dm(3)/s
g/s
mol/s

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78
Q

how could the results of a visual change practical be subjective?

A

people may not agree when the cross disappears

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79
Q

what is the 5th step of fractional distillation?

A

the separate parts are called fractions

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80
Q

what are giant covalent structures?

A

are macromolecules

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81
Q

what does viscous mean?

A

how runny it is

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82
Q

what is the 4th step of the gas practical?

A

record the volume of gas in the gas syringe every 10 seconds

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83
Q

how are fullerenes arranged?

A

in hexagons, pentagons or heptagons

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84
Q

how can we reduce our global footprint?

A
  • reduce waste
  • have the government tax companies on how much carbon dioxide they emit
  • renewable energy resources instead of fossil fuels
  • technology that captures carbon dioxide
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85
Q

what effect does pressure have on the equilibrium?

A

causes the equilibrium to shift in the direction that produces less molecules

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86
Q

why are formulation important?

A
  • pharmaceutical industry

- daily life

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87
Q

what is the position of equilibrium influenced by?

A
  • -temperature
  • pressure
  • concentration
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88
Q

what is the 1st step to calculate rate from a graph?

A

draw a tangent to the curve

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89
Q

what is a closed system?

A

where no reactants or products can escape

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90
Q

what does the amount of time the molecules spend each phase depend on?

A
  • how soluble the substance is

- how attracted the solvent is the paper

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91
Q

what is a chromotogram?

A

the end result of chromatography analysis

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92
Q

what is condensing?

A

gas to a liquid

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93
Q

what is the word equation for when a metal reacts with a acid?

A

metal + acid —> salt + hydrogen

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94
Q

what is the 5th step of the gas practical?

A

once the reaction is complete, clean the apparatus as directed by a teacher

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95
Q

what is boiling?

A

liquid to a gas

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96
Q

what does a small hydrocarbon have?

A
  • lower boiling and melting points
  • ignites easily
  • less viscous it is
  • more volatile it is
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97
Q

what is the 4th step of fractional distillation?

A

the different parts are collected and condensed back into liquids

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98
Q

what is the formula for butane?

A

C(4)H(10)

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99
Q

what is the formula for ethane?

A

C(2)H(6)

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100
Q

what are alkanes?

A

contain only single carbon bonds

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101
Q

what is the first step of the gas practical?

A

support a gas syringe with a stand, boss and clamp

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102
Q

compare alkanes and alkenes?

A
  • alkenes are more reactive than alkanes
  • alkanes are saturated whereas alkenes are unsaturated
  • alkenes contain at least one double carbon bond whereas alkenes only contain single carbon bonds
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103
Q

what is cracking?

A

splitting up large hydrocarbons

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104
Q

what are some properties of pure substances?

A

they melt and boil at specific temperatures

105
Q

what is a polymer?

A

lots of small units linked together to form long molecules that have repeating sections

106
Q

what are some examples of finite resources?

A
  • fossil fuels
  • nuclear substances (e.g. plutonium and uranium)
  • minerals and metals in ores
107
Q

what does LCA stand for?

A

life cycle assessment

108
Q

what are some examples of materials that should be recycled?

A
  • metals

- glass

109
Q

what is Phyto mining?

A

uses plants in soil containing copper ions, plants cannot use copper so it builds up in the leaves. The plants can be harvested, collected and burned in a large furnace. The ash contains copper ions which can be extracted by electrolysis or displacement

110
Q

what is the third stage of a LCA?

A

use of product

  • can reduce emissions in long term
  • can damage environment
111
Q

what do greenhouse gases do?

A

insulate the earths atmosphere

112
Q

what is the first stage of a LCA?

A

getting the raw materials

  • mining and extracting can damage the environment
  • may need to be processed-uses a lot of energy
113
Q

what is the word equation for when a metal reacts with water?

A

metal + water —> metal hydroxide + hydrogen

114
Q

what is the composition of the earths atmosphere?

A

80% Nitrogen
20% oxygen
less than 1% of other substances such as carbon dioxide, water vapor and noble gases

115
Q

what are some consequences of climate change?

A
  • polar ice caps melting
  • decrease in water availability
  • increase in the severity and frequency of storms
  • change in rainfall patterns
116
Q

how can individuals reduce their carbon footprint?

A
  • walk or cycle where possible
  • reduce air travel
  • doing anything that saves energy at home
117
Q

what is the second stage of a LCA?

A

processing and packaging

  • can produce waste products
  • uses lots of energy-caused pollution
118
Q

what are fullerenes?

A

carbon molecules that form hollow balls or closed tubes

119
Q

how do catalysts increase the rate of reaction?

A

they provide an alternate pathway to the reactants with a lower activation energy than the reaction without

120
Q

what is the fourth step to calculate rate from a graph?

A

read the change in time (horizontal)

121
Q

what is the 4th stage of the crude oil extraction procedure?

A

today we drill into these places and extract the gas and oil there.

122
Q

what is the 2nd stage of the crude oil extraction procedure?

A

the dead plankton are covered by mud

123
Q

what is the 1st step of the crude oil extraction procedure?

A

dead plankton fall to the bottom of the sea bed

124
Q

what is crude oil?

A

a fossil fuel found underground in rocks

125
Q

what are finite resources?

A

un-renewable

126
Q

what are weak acids?

A

do not fully ionise in water

127
Q

what happens to the metals at the bottom of the periodic table?

A

the metals towards the bottom of the periodic table have outer electrons which are a long way from the nucleus. so feel a weaker attraction.

128
Q

what does ‘Lazy Penguins Keep Drinking Hot Beverages’ stand for?

A 
liquified petroleum gas
Petrol
Kerosene
Diesel
Heavy fuel oil
Bitumen
129
Q

what are the products of crude oil?

A

organic compounds

130
Q

what is a reversible reaction?

A

where the products can term back into the reactants relatively easily

131
Q

what is a dynamic equilibrium?

A

where there in no overall change in the amount of products or reactants formed

132
Q

what all reactions in terms of dynamic equilibrium?

A

exothermic in one direction and endothermic in the other

133
Q

what is the collision theory?

A

in order to produce a successful reaction there must be many collisions along with a minimum energy (activation energy)

134
Q

what is the 2nd step of fractional distillation?

A

if the oil is heated slowly then each will boil and turn into a gas

135
Q

what does a large hydrocarbon have?

A
  • high melting and boiling points
  • does not ignite easily
  • more viscous
  • less volatile
136
Q

how can you tell a endothermic reaction is taking place?

A

a fall in temperature of the surroundings

137
Q

what are alloys?

A

a mixture of two or more metals or a metal and another element

138
Q

what is a exothermic reaction?

A

a reaction that transfers energy to its surroundings, usually by heating

139
Q

what is the third stage of making a salt?

A

add the dilute acid to the insoluble base a bit at a time until no more reacts. you will know when all of acid has been neutralized because even after stirring the excess base will just sink to the bottom of the flask

140
Q

what is a hydrocarbon?

A

a compound that only contains carbon and hydrogen atoms

141
Q

what are the 3 types of corrolation?

A
  • positive correlation
  • negative correlation
  • no correlation
142
Q

what happens as you go down the halogens?

A
  • becomes more less reactive
  • have higher melting and boiling points
  • have higher relative atomic masses
  • more reactive halogens can displace less reactive ones
143
Q

what are the strong forces between positive metal ions called?

A

electrostatic forces of attaraction

144
Q

what is Le Chandelier’s principle?

A

the equilibrium will do anything to try and contradict change

145
Q

what are the conditions needed for the harbor process?

A
  • high pressure-30MPa
  • high temperature-between 450 and 600 degrees-to favor the forwards reaction
  • a catalyst-Iron III oxide
146
Q

what is the 2nd step to calculate rate from a graph?

A

draw a right angled triangle with the line from step 1

147
Q

what are natural resources?

A

come from the earth, sea and air

148
Q

why is recycling metal important?

A
  • it uses less energy that extracting them

- creates less waste

149
Q

what is meant by ‘pure’?

A

only contains one type of element or compound throughout

150
Q

what is the mobile phase?

A

-the molecules move-always a gas or a liquid

151
Q

what is the reaction between acids and bases called?

A

a neutralization reaction

152
Q

what was wrong with the first periodic table?

A
  • elements were in groups that did not have similar properties to it
  • was incomplete
153
Q

how did Mendeleev predict the properties of unknown elements?

A

he looked at the group and the patterns the elements in that group had

154
Q

what is the relative atomic mass?

A

the atomic masses of all the atoms in the molecular formula added together

155
Q

what factors effect the rate of reaction?

A
  • temperature
  • catalysts
  • surface area
  • pressure
  • concentration
156
Q

what are the properties of a compound?

A

are usually completely different from the beginning reactants

157
Q

what effect does temperature have on the equilibrium?

A

causes the equilibrium to shift in the direction that takes in heat

158
Q

when does complete combustion take place?

A

-when there is a good supply of air/oxygen

159
Q

what is the rate or reaction?

A

how quickly a reaction happens

160
Q

what does oil provide?

A

most modern transport

161
Q

what is catalytic cracking?

A

uses a temperature of 550 degrees and a catalyst known as zeolite which contains aluminum oxide and silicon oxide

162
Q

what effect does concentration have on the equilibrium?

A

causes the equilibrium to shift in the direction that produces less of that substance

163
Q

what is the 3rd step to calculate rate from a graph?

A

read the change in amount of product (vertical)

164
Q

what is the stationary phase?

A

-the molecules do not move-usually a solid or a very thick liquid

165
Q

what is the 1st step of fractional distillation?

A

the different parts of crude oil have their own boiling points

166
Q

what is an example of thermal decomposition?

A

heating calcium carbonate causes it to decompose into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide

167
Q

how thick is graphene?

A

one atom thick

168
Q

what does PANIC stand for?

A 
Positive
Anode
Negative
Is
Cathode
169
Q

what are some everyday uses of endothermic reactions?

A

sports injury ice packs

170
Q

what are the rows called in the periodic table?

A

periods

171
Q

what are some ways to draw covalent bonds?

A
  • a dot and cross diagram
  • 3D model
  • the displayed formula
172
Q

what happens at the cathode in an ionic compound?

A

positive ions gain electrons so are oxidised

173
Q

what products are formed when a acid and a base react?

A

salt + water

174
Q

what makes covalent bonds strong?

A

the positively charged nucleus is attracted to the shared pair of electrons by electrostatic forces

175
Q

what is the relative atomic mass?

A

an average mass taking into the different masses and abundances (amounts) of all the isotopes that make up that element

176
Q

what is ionic bonding?

A

the metal loses electrons to form positive ions and the non-metal elements gain electrons to form negative ions

177
Q

what is the third stage of the crude oil extraction procedure?

A

over millions and millions of years the mud and sediment built up along with the heat and pressure turning the dead plankton into oil and gas

178
Q

name some properties of giant covalent structures

A
  • no specific formula
  • very high melting points
  • 1 large molecule
179
Q

how did Mendeleev arrange the periodic table?

A

in order of increasing atomic number and took into account the properties

180
Q

what is the relative mass and charge of a proton?

A

relative mass charge

1 +1

181
Q

what is a ion?

A

a charged particle produced by the lose or gain of electrons

182
Q

why do the anode and cathode need to be replaced regularly?

A

because oxygen reacts with the carbon electrodes producing carbon dioxide

183
Q

what are the properties of a mixture?

A

usually a mixture of the elements or compounds

184
Q

what happens at the anode in ionic compounds?

A

negative ions lose electrons, so are oxidised

185
Q

what do metal carbonates react to form?

A

salt + water + carbon dioxide

186
Q

do metals lose or gain electrons?

A

lose

187
Q

convert dm(3) to cm(3)

A

x1000

188
Q

what does a change of state go through?

A

a physical change

189
Q

exothermic or endothermic?

bond breaking

A

endothermic

190
Q

what is fractional distillation?

A

separates a mixture of liquids

191
Q

are covalent bonds strong or weak?

A

strong

192
Q

where are the alkalis on the pH scale?

A

8-14

193
Q

what is avagardros number?

A

6.02 x 10(23)

194
Q

where are the acids on the pH scale?

A

1-6

195
Q

what ions do alkalis form?

A

OH-

196
Q

why is the anode made of carbon?

A

because carbon is cheap and a god conductor

197
Q

what are the 3 types of covalent substances?

A
  • small
  • large
  • giant
198
Q

what is the concentration equation?

A

concentration=mass/volume

199
Q

what products are formed when an acid and alkali react?

A

salt and water

200
Q

what does the number of protons in the nucleus decide?

A

what type of atom it is

201
Q

what takes part in metallic bonding?

A

alloys

metals

202
Q

what does the mass number tell you?

A

the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

203
Q

what is this state symbol?

s

A

solid

204
Q

what are some everyday uses of exothermic reaction?

A
  • hand warmers

- self heating cans

205
Q

what is this state symbol?

g

A

gas

206
Q

what are the group 7 elements called?

A

the halogens

207
Q

what is this state symbol?

l

A

liquid

208
Q

what are alkalis?

A

bases that are soluble in water

209
Q

how can you measure pH?

A
  • pH probe

- universal indicator

210
Q

what is the fifth stage of making a salt?

A

to make pure, solid crystals. heat the solution in a water bath or electric heater, to evaporate some water (make more concentrated) and then stop heating it. crystals of the salt should form, these can then by filtered out of the solution and dried. this is called crystallisation

211
Q

what ions do metals form?

A

positive ions

212
Q

what are the group 0 elements called?

A

noble gases

213
Q

what do noble gases exist as?

A

monatomic gases-single atoms that arent bonded to each other

214
Q

what are the main noble gases?

A

neon
argon
helium

215
Q

what is electrolysis used for?

A

to extract metals from their ores

216
Q

what is electrolysis?

A

uses electricity to separate ionic compounds and break down an electrolyte substance made of ions

217
Q

what are some examples of isotopes?

A

carbon 12: carbon 13:
protons-6 protons-6
neutrons-6 neutrons-7
electrons-6 electrons-6

218
Q

what is the relative mass and charge of a electron?

A

relative mass charge
very small -1

219
Q

what is an ionic compound?

A

a compound that only contains ionic bonds

220
Q

what are the vertical columns called?

A

groups

221
Q

where are the non-metals found on the periodic table?

A

on the right

222
Q

what is the definition of a mixture?

A

a mixture of elements or compounds that are not chemically bonded together

223
Q

what are the 3 different states of matter?

A

solid
liquid
gas

224
Q

how big is the nucleus of an atom?

A

1 x 10(-14)m

225
Q

what is needed to separate compounds?

A

it is usually difficult to separate compounds but can be done by a chemical reaction

226
Q

how big is the radius of an atom?

A

1 x 10(-10)m

227
Q

what does the group number tell you?

A

how many electrons in the outer most shell

228
Q

where are the metals found on the periodic table?

A

on the left

229
Q

reduction or oxidation?

anode

A

oxidation

230
Q

what is the formula for moles?

A

moles=mass/Mr

231
Q

reduction or oxidation?

cathode

A

reduction

232
Q

what are the properties of graphite?

A
  • is a soft material

- can conduct heat and electricity

233
Q

what is a cation?

A

positive ion

234
Q

what is an anion?

A

negative ion

235
Q

what are the properties of diamond?

A
  • is insoluble in water
  • high melting and boiling point
  • it is hard and does not conduct electricity
236
Q

in terms of intermolecular bonds, explain why diamond makes a good cutting tool

A

Diamond contains strong covalent bonds which need a lot of energy to break giving it a very high melting and boiling point

237
Q

what is the equation for percentage mass of an element in a compound?

A

(ar x number of atoms of that element/ Mr of the compound) x100

238
Q

what are isotopes?

A

isotopes are different forms of the same element but have a different number of neutrons

239
Q

why do metals and non-metals take part in bonding?

A

to gain full outer electron shells

240
Q

how many covalent bonds does a carbon atom form in graphite?

A

3

241
Q

what are some examples of an exothermic reaction?

A

neutralisation
combustion
oxidation

242
Q

what can a more reactive halogen do?

A

displace a less reactive halogen from a salt solution

243
Q

do non-metals gain or lose electrons in ionic bonding?

A

gain

244
Q

how many covalent bonds does a carbon atom form in diamond?

A

4

245
Q

what ions do acids form?

A

H+

246
Q

what is covalent bonding?

A

where non-metal atoms share electron with each other to gain full outer electron shells

247
Q

what are strong acids?

A

completely ionise in water

248
Q

what are some similar physical properties of metals?

A
  • strong but malleable
  • can conduct electricity
  • high melting and boiling points
249
Q

what does the atomic number tell you?

A

how many protons there are

250
Q

what is the pH scale?

A

a measure of how acidic or alkaline a solution is

251
Q

what is one advantage and disadvantage of the displayed formula?

A

advantage
shows how atoms are bonded in large molecules

disadvantage
doesn’t show the 3D structure of the atom

252
Q

what is the fourth stage of making a salt?

A

filter out the solid to get the salt solution

253
Q

why is graphene a strong material?

A

because of its network of covalent bonds

254
Q

how can you tell a exothermic reaction is taking place?

A

a rise in temperature of the surroundings

255
Q

where do covalent bonds happen?

A

compounds of non-metals

non-metals

256
Q

what are the similar properties of an ionic compound?

A
  • have high melting and boiling points
  • when solid cannot conduct electricity
  • when dissolved can conduct electricity
  • when molten can conduct electricity
257
Q

what is the second stage of making a salt?

A

gently warm the dilute acid using a Bunsen burner then turn off the Bunsen burner

258
Q

what is one advantage and disadvantage of the 3D model?

A

advantage
shows the atoms, their arrangement in space next to each other and the covalent bonds

disadvantage
doesn’t show where the electrons in the bonds have come from

259
Q

how is the periodic table laid out?

A

in order of increasing atomic number meaning that there are repeating patterns in the properties of the elements

Science (3 decks)

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