GCSE History / Britain : Health And The People / C1000 - Present Day Flashcards
(31 cards)
Who is Hippocrates and what did he do ?
Doctor in ancient Greece. Developed the idea of clinical observation of the patient, rather than illness. His results established the Hippocratic Oath. He established the theory of the 4 humours.
Define the theory of the 4 humours.
Believed the body was made up of blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. Pain would occur in the body if one of the substances was either deficient or in excess ( they all need to be in balance ). Some humours are hot so can call sweating illness, etc. Different foods and seasons could affect the humours. Galen believed in and developed the theory.
Who was Galen ?
Greek doctor during the Roman Empire. Followed Hippocrates ideas of observation. Trained as a doctor to gladiators and practically increased his knowledge of human anatomy while treating wounds. Dissected animals. His books survived the fall of the Roman Empire so his ideas lasted through the Middle Ages and into the Renaissance.
Describe concepts regarding Medieval medicine and Religion.
It was believed that if you led a sinful life then you were punished by God. If society was sinful then outbreaks and epidemics would occur.
Explain what the Doctrine of Signatures is.
The belief that God had created illness, however, created the right herbs and plants to treat the illness.
Besides Religion, Supernatural, and the 4 Humours state two additional concepts that were heavily linked to Medieval Disease.
Bad smells and everyday life.
Explain how the belief in the supernatural was linked to Medieval medicine and health.
Witchcraft was feared and many believed the world was full of demons trying to cause trouble and death. These concepts were fueled by the Church.
State the year and purpose of the Workmen’s Compensation Act.
- Granted compensation for injury at work.
State the year and purpose of the Education ( Provision of Meals ) Act.
- Introduced free school meals.
State the year and the purpose of the Education ( Administrative Provisions ) Act.
- Created school medical inspections.
State the year and the purpose of the Matrimonial Causes Act.
- Maintenance payments to be paid to divorced women.
State the year and purpose of the Children and Young Person’s Act.
- Made it illegal to sell alcohol, tobacco or fireworks to children.
State the year and the purpose of the Old-Age Pensions Act.
- Over 70s received 5 shillings a week, 7s 6d for married couples.
State the year and the purpose of the Labour Exchanges Act.
- Helped individuals find jobs.
State the year and the purpose of the Housing and Town Planning Act.
- Made it illegal to build back-to-back houses.
State the year and the purpose of the National Insurance Act.
- Sick and unemployment plan introduced if you paid contributions to the scheme.
When was the National Health Service established ?
1948, 5th of July
Why did many oppose the establishment of the NHS ?
Many in the medical profession saw the NHS as trying to curtail their livelihood and their rights to treat whoever they liked. Churchill said it was a ‘curse on the country’. The British Medical Association found that only 10% of doctors were in favour of the NHS.
Who Louis Pasteur and what did he do ?
( 1822 - 1895 ) A French chemist who was the first person to establish the link between germ and disease. He believed in the concept of germ-theory, which stated that micro-organisms were responsible for disease. His work on chicken cholera led to a rabies vaccine in 1880. Also invented pasteurisation to preserve liquids.
Who was Robert Koch and what did he do ?
(1843-1910) A German micro-biologist who took the work of Pasteur further. He invented a way to stain disease bacteria so it was easier to see under a microscope. He identified the cause of tuberculosis (1882) and cholera (1884), confirming the work of John Snow.
Who was Paul Ehrlich and what did he do ?
(1854-1915) He was a German physician and one of Koch’s students. Best knows for developing Salvarsan 606 in 1919, as a treatment for an STD. Salvarsan became known as a magic-bullet - targeting specific germs in the body with little tk no side effects.
Who was James Simpson and what did he do ?
In 1847, Simpson used chloroform after experimenting on himself and friends to reduce pain in childbirth. Chloroform indices unconsciousness and dizziness in patients and needed to be administered carefully so there was opposition. Opposition was partially overcome in 1853 when Queen Victoria uses it for childbirth. In the 1850s, cocaine was produced and used as an anaesthetic. Higher mortality rates used anaesthetics so in the 1879s, chloroform was no longer used.
Who was Joseph Lister and what did he do ?
Read Pasteur’s work on germ theory. In 1865, after experiments he found that a thin mist of carbolic acid sprayed over a wound would limit infection. He reduced mortality rate from 46% to 15% in three years. In 1875, he invented a machine that sprayed carbolic acid over an entire room.
State the opposition to anaesthetic Progression ( Lister ) .
Using carbolic acid would slow down procedures. The equipment was expensive. Lister kept updating his work to improve it and many doctors believed he was unsure of his work.
