GCSE - The WHOLE revision guide Flashcards
(201 cards)
1
Q
what is automation?
A
the use of machines to do a task automatically, without much human input
2
Q
Give an example of automation
A
in the car industry, robots can be programmed to weld or do other processes
3
Q
give 3 advantages of automation
A
robots can increase the speed of production
robots can work with high accuracy, therefore increasing quality
robots can work in dangerous situations
4
Q
give 3 disadvantages of automation
A
robots can replace human workers
robots can be expensive to buy
can’t carry out tasks that require human judgement
5
Q
what does smart technology do?
A
develops machines like CAD further by connecting them with other machines and sensors to share data. This creates ‘smart’ machines
6
Q
what can ‘smart’ machines do?
A
use data to organise what tasks they need to do
work out when they will run out of a material by receiving stock level data.
7
Q
what can ‘smart’ machines be a part of?
A
‘The Internet of Things’
8
Q
What is the Internet of Things
A
describes the connection between technologies and the internet, for machines this could mean receiving and processing online customer orders.
9
Q
What can the use of smart technology do?
A
make automated manufacturing very efficient.
10
Q
what has been a key development in manufacturing?
A
tracking materials, tools, equipment and products in the factory
11
Q
How can tracking be done?
A
automatically by tagging each necessary thing (e.g. box of material). These can then be scanned or detected as the item moves around the factory
12
Q
Name some uses of tracking
A
monitoring stock levels
tracking the movement of the products
getting the number of finished products in stock
13
Q
Give an example of workers using devices to receive information
A
warehouse workers can use things like tablet to give them the best/ efficient route to required items
14
Q
What is a modular component in relation to factories?
A
components that can be moved, taken apart or added to. Like extra production space
15
Q
what can technological advances lead to in relation to factories?
A
reduced need for room. e.g. 3D printing uses a small machine
16
Q
What are flexible manufacturing systems?
A
they consist of a set of different machines which carry out different stages of production. Automated systems transport materials through the different processes and store the finished product. Fairly quick and easy to change the system
17
Q
What is lean manufacturing?
A
manufacturing that minimises waste and resources used. Aims to reduce cost and increase efficiency
18
Q
Give an example of Lean manufacturing
A
Just In Time (JIT)
19
Q
Give 2 advantages of JIT
A
reduces need for space
less money needed
20
Q
give 2 disadvantages of JIT
A
system relies on materials being delivered on time
money can be lost if there are faults with the delivery
21
Q
What can CAD help designers do?
A
model and change their design quickly
experiment with different colours and forms
3D programs enable designers to view the product from all angles
22
Q
What is CAM?
A
the process of using computers to manufacture products. Computer Aided Manufacture
23
Q
what can CAM do?
A
follow the X,Y,Z coordinated, given by CAD, to move the tools and cut out or build up your design. They can do this because they are computer numerically controlled (CNC)
24
Q
give an example of CAM
A
some milling machines, 3D computers, CNC routers and laser cutters
25
What are the two types of CAM machines
2 axis - only cut out 2D shapes
| 3 axis - can cut out 3D shapes
26
What can CNC routers be used for?
to engrave things on plastics, metals and wood
| cut out either 2D or 3D shapes as they can be 2 or 3 axis machines
27
What can laser cutters be used for?
to cut out things from plastic, wood, cardboard, fabrics and some metals. On low power settings they can engrave things. Can only cut through sheet materials and they are 2 axis
28
What can 3D printers be used for?
rapid prototyping, can print with several different materials including plastic and wax. can manufacture final products
29
Why is CAD/CAM good for global companies?
saves shipping costs as designs can be sent electronically
| saves labour costs as products can be manufactured in a country with cheap labour
30
name a disadvantage of CAD/CAM
computers can be affected by viruses, software problems and file corruption therefore slowing down production
31
what does sustainability mean?
not causing permanent damage to the environment
32
what does the sustainability of a product depend on?
what materials the product is made of
the processes involved in making the product
how long lasting and efficient the product is
33
define a carbon footprint
the amount of greenhouse gasses produced throughout the lifecycle of a product
34
what is 'Design for Disassembly'?
a new product is designed so it can be easily taken apart at the end of its lifetime, allowing parts and materials to be reused/ recycled
35
what are up-to-the-minute designs?
designs that go out of fashion therefore become obsolete quickly (like mobile phones)
36
define 'Design for Maintenance'
products that are designed to last and can be repaired or have parts that can be replaced (like washing machines)
37
what are modular electronics?
electronics made up of different parts that can then be replaced/ upgraded separately making the product more sustainable
38
why can continuous improvement be harmful?
can encourage users to replace existing products with new ones
leads to an increased usage of finite resources and environmental damage due to manufacturing, packaging, transportation etc.
39
why can continuous improvement be good for the environment?
products can be changed to be more efficient therefore having a lower carbon footprint as it uses less energy
40
name 3 other aspects of products that have a positive impact on the environment
avoiding the use of harmful chemicals
making products from materials that can be recycled
minimising the amount of material used.
41
name the 6 Rs
```
Repair
Reuse
Recycle
Rethink
Reduce
Refuse
```
42
Define Reuse
passing on a product e.g. tyre for a swing
43
Define Rethink
thinking about the design from an environmental perspective
44
name 2 impacts a product can have on people
```
safe working conditions
health impacts (harmful pollutants)
```
45
What is innovation?
when an entrepreneur or business come up with a something new
46
Name 3 innovations in business
crowdfunding, virtual marketing/ retail, co-operatives and fairtrade
47
Define crowdfunding
using websites to raise money for an idea. Backers give money/ invest and often get a reward for their investment
48
Define virtual marketing and virtual retail
promoting and selling products on the iternet
49
Define co-operatives
a type of business that is run and owned by its members. Profits are shared out. they can have higher negotiating powers.
50
Define fairtrade
a scheme that ensures farmers are paid a fair price
51
define market pull
designing for what the customer wants/ needs
52
define technology push
the development of new technologies that then drive the design of new products
53
How does burning fossil fuels power a system?
power stations burn fossil fuels to produce heat
water then turns into steam
steam drives a turbine
this turns a generator, generating electricity
54
name 2 arguments for using fossil fuels
they are reliable
| fairly cost effective as extraction and running costs are low
55
name 3 arguments against using fossil fuels
they are finite
extraction of fossil fuels have environmental and social impacts
they release greenhouse gases when burnt contributing to global warming
56
How does nuclear power stations work?
in a similar way to burning fossil fuels but nuclear fission is used to create heat instead
57
name 3 arguments for using nuclear power
reliable
quite cheap
produces low levels of greenhouse gases
58
name 3 arguments against using nuclear power
uses finite fuel sources (uranium)
nuclear power plants cost a lot to build and maintain
waste produced is dangerous and difficult to dispose of
risk of major catastrophe
59
name 3 arguments for using renewable energy
generally have a smaller environmental impact
| after initial set up costs, the energy provided is usually free
60
name 3 arguments against using renewable energy
set up costs are quite high
less reliable as depend upon external factors (wind)
spoil landscapes
habitat loss
61
name 2 systems that are used to store extra energy
kinetic pumped storage system
| batteries
62
how does a hydro electric power station work?
'spare' energy pumps water up from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir. In peak demand, water from the upper reservoir can flow through turbines, generating electricity.
63
what kind of energy do batteries store and how do they work
chemical energy
| chemical reactions are used to generate an electric voltage
64
name the 2 types of batteries
alkaline
| rechargeable
65
name properties of alkaline batteries
they're recyclable
last a long time
leak less than some disposable batteries
power output gradually decreases over time
66
name properties of rechargeable batteries
can be charged when it goes flat
more expensive than alkaline batteries
can be used again and again - makes them more environmentally friendly
power output remains constant until they go flat
67
define an alloy
a mixture of two or more metals
68
what are alloys useful for?
they are developed to have a specific set of properties as they have different properties from their individual metals
69
why would you use cartridge paper?
as it is textured, it is good for sketching with different drawing materials
70
what is layout paper good for?
thin and translucent and use for general design work
71
what is tracing paper used for?
semitransparent so can copy images
72
what is grid paper used for?
useful for orthographic and scale drawings
73
what is bleed proof paper used for?
designing with felt tips and marker pens
74
why is carboard used in packaging?
low cost and has a high strength to weight ratio
75
what is solid white board used for?
ideal for printing and primary packaging (individual items)
76
what is ink jet card used for?
ink jet printing, printed image is sharply defined and of a high quality
77
what is corrugated card used for?
secondary packaging (items all in one box) as it is strong and rigid
78
what is duplex board used for?
when only one side is seen like food packaging.
79
what is foam core board used for?
good for making models and mounting posters as it is stiff, lightweight and can be scored
80
what is foil lined board used for?
to package food as it keeps flavor in and air and moisture out
81
define timber
sawn chunks of solid wood that are used as building materials
82
name 3 softwoods
pine
larch
spruce
83
give some properties of pine
strong, cheap, knotty. used for telegraph poles, fences and cheap furniture
84
name some properties of larch
attractive yellow/ red colour
harder, tougher and more durable than most soft woods
resistant to rot
used for decking
85
name some properties of spruce
```
reddish/ brown colour
hard
good strength to weight ratio
knotty
not durable
used for structural purposes
```
86
name 4 hardwoods
oak
beech
ash
mahogany
87
name some properties of oak
```
tough
durable
very strong
corrodes steel
used for interior panelling, flooring and furniture
```
88
name some properties of beech
hard
can be bent using steam
used for chairs and toys
89
name some properties of ash
tough
absorbs shock well
used for tool handles, some furniture
90
name some properties of mahogany
durable
easy to work with
expensive
used for good quality furniture
91
what do ferrous metals contain?
iron
92
name 3 ferrous metals
cast iron
low carbon steel (mild steel)
high carbon steel (tool steel)
93
name properties and uses of cast iron
strong if compressed
brittle
not malleable
bench vices, car brake disks
94
name properties and uses of low carbon steel
```
quite strong
cheap
rusts easily
can't be hardened
car bodies, screws, washing machines
```
95
name properties and uses of high carbon steel
```
harder than low carbon steel
can be hardened
not as easy to work with
rusts
tools like files, saws and drills
```
96
define a non ferrous metal
a metal that doesn't contain iron so they don't rust
97
name 5 non ferrous metals
aluminum, brass, copper, tin, zinc
98
name properties and uses of aluminum
```
lightweight
corrosion resistant
expensive
not as strong as steel
airplanes, cans, ladders
```
99
name properties and uses of brass
```
quite strong
corrosion resistant
malleable
ductile
good electrical conductor
electrical parts, door handles, taps
```
100
name properties and uses of copper
```
relatively soft
malleable
ductile
very good electrical conductor
electrical wiring, pipes
```
101
name properties and uses of tin
```
soft
corrosion resistant
malleable
ductile
low melting point
foil, tin cans, alloying metal in solder
```
102
name properties and uses of zinc
not very strong
corrosion resistant
coating steel
103
name 3 useful alloys
high speed steel, brass, stainless steel
104
name some properties of high speed steel
contains iron and 0.6% of carbon
keeps its hardness when heated
used in high speed cutting tools
105
state what brass is made of
copper and zinc
106
state properties of stainless steel and what it is made of
```
iron, carbon, chromium, nickel
strong
tough
ductile
decreases rust
used in surgical equipment, sinks and cutlery
```
107
name the two main sorts of plastics
thermoforming and thermosetting plastics
108
name properties of thermoforming plastics
recyclable, bendy, doesn't resist heat, easily formed into shapes
109
name 6 thermoforming plastics
acrylic (PMMA), HDPE, PET, HIPS, PVC, PP
110
Name properties of acrylic (PMMA)
hard, stiff, shiny, resists weather well, brittle
| used for motorcycle helmet visors, baths, signs
111
name properties of high density polyethylene (HDPE)
stiff, strong, lightweight,
| used for washing up bowls, baskets, folding chairs, gas and water pipes
112
name properties of polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
polyester that is light, strong, tough
| used to make see through water bottles and fibres for clothing
113
name properties of high impact polystyrene (HIPS)
rigid, fairly cheap
| used for smoke detector cases and CD cases
114
name properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
quite brittle, cheap, durable
| used for window frames, vinyl records, some clothing
115
name properties of polypropylene (PP)
quite tough, flexible, can be made into bright colours
| used for plastic chairs
116
name properties of thermosetting plastics
non-recyclable, rigid, resist heat, permanently become hard and rigid
117
name 5 thermosetting plastics
ER, UF, MF, PF, PR
118
name properties of epoxy resin (ER)
rigid, durable, corrosion- resistant, good electrical insulator
used for circuit boards and wind turbine rotor blades
119
name properties of urea-formaldehyde (UF)
hard, brittle, good electrical insulator
| used for plug sockets and cupboard handles
120
name properties of melamine-formaldehyde (MF)
strong and scratch-resistant
| used to laminate chipboard and for plates and bowls
121
name properties of phenol-formaldehyde (PF)
hard, heat resistant, very easily moulded
| used for bottle caps, snooker balls and to form composites
122
name properties of polyester resin (PR)
hard, stiff, cheap, good electrical insulator
can form glass reinforced plastic e.g. for kayaks
waterproof so used for shower stalls and garden furniture
123
name general properties of natural fibres
absorbent, strong when dry, poor resistance to biological damage like moths
124
name 3 natural fibres
cotton, wool, silk
125
name 3 advantages and disadvantages of cotton
hard wearing, doesn't cause allergies, washes easily
| creases easily, poor elasticity, can shrink when washed
126
what is cotton used for?
used in denim, corduroy and calico
| used for jeans, t-shirts, blouses and soft furnishings
127
name 3 advantages and disadvantages of wool
warm, crease-resistant, good elasticity
| can shrink, itchy, fairly expensive
128
what is wool used for?
used in felt, knitted fabrics and Harris Tweed
| used for suits, jumpers, carpets
129
name 3 advantages and disadvantages of silk
resistant to shrinking/ stretching, good drape, lightweight
| creases easily, weak when wet, expensive
130
what is silk used for?
used in chiffon, satin
| used for ties, shirts, dresses
131
name general properties of synthetic fibres
less sustainable than natural fibres, resistant to biological damage, can be changed by heating, not very absorbent so hard to dye
132
name 3 synthetic fibres
elastane, polyester, polyamide
133
name 3 advantages and disadvantages of elastane
extremely elastic, lightweight, hard wearing
| not absorbent, high flammability, not biodegradable
134
what is elastane used for?
used in lycra
| used for sportswear, underwear and added to other fibres to add stretch
135
name 3 advantages and disadvantages of polyester
cheap, resists creasing, hard wearing
| damaged by strong acids, melts as it burns, not absorbent
136
what is polyester used for?
used in dacron
| used for bed sheets, curtains, tablecloths, sportswear
137
name 3 advantages and disadvantages of polyamide
warm, fairly cheap, crease resistant
| not very absorbent, damaged by sunlight, melts as it burns
138
what is polyamide used for?
used in nylon
| sportswear, tights, furnishings, carpet
139
what are yarns?
threads that are woven or knitted to make fabrics
140
what are yarns made of?
fibres. short fibres are staple fibres. long fibres are filaments
141
what are yarns made from filaments like?
smooth
142
what are yarns made from staple farmers like?
hairier than yarns made from filaments
143
name the three main ways to turn yarns/ fibres into a fabric
weaving, knitting, bonding
144
How are woven fabrics made?
by interlacing two sets of yarn
145
How are knitted fabrics made?
by interlocking one or more yarns together using loops. The loops trap air, so they insulate. They stretch more than woven fabrics
146
How are non-woven fabrics made?
layers of fibre held together by bonding or felting. They don't fray and can be cut in any direction, little waste when laying out a pattern. They don't stretch and aren't very strong
147
what is the weft?
the yarn in woven fabrics travelling from right to left
148
what is the warp?
the yarn in woven fabrics travelling up and down
149
what are the properties of plain weave fabrics?
hard wearing, strong, holds its shape, smooth finish, cheapest weave to produce. used to make fabrics like cotton based one
150
What are woven fabrics used for?
shirts, upholstery and trousers
151
What are the 2 types of knitted fabrics?
weft-knitted and warp-knitted
152
how are weft knitted fabrics made?
yarn runs across the fabric, making interlocking loops with the row beneath
153
what are weft knitted fabrics used for and why?
they stretch but can lose their shape and if the yarn breaks it can unravel. used for jumpers, socks and t shirts
154
how are warp knitted fabrics made?
yarn runs up the fabric in loops which interlock vertically.
155
what are warp knitted fabrics used for and why?
they stretch and keep their shape and are hard to unravel. made by machines
used for tights, swimwear and fleeces
156
what are bonded fabrics?
'webs' of synthetic fibres glued, needle punched, stitched or melted together. they are used for interfacing, artificial leathers and disposable cloths
157
what are felted fabrics?
made by combining pressure, moisture and heat to interlock a mat of wool fibres. used for carpet underlay, craft material, hats and snooker table coverings.
158
name the two ways of combining fibres to get fabrics with different properties.
blending or mixing
159
what is the difference between blending and mixing?
blending combines two fibres into one yarn but mixing combines two yarns to make one fabric
160
name benefits of blending cotton and polyester fibres together
strong and hardwearing, less absorbent so dries quickly, soft, comfortable, resists creasing, doesn't shrink, but is highly flammable
161
name properties of MDF
tiny fibres of softwood timber held together with glue. no natural grain, cheap, dense, smooth uniform surface, damaged by moisture. used for shelves and flat pack furniture
162
name properties of plywood
several layers of soft or hardwood, glued together with grains at right angles. very strong for its weight. used for building and furniture.
163
name properties of chipboard
made by compressing wood chips, shavings and sawdust together with glue. cheap but not very strong, absorbent, damaged by moisture. used in cheap self assembly furniture
164
what are printed circuit boards (PCB)
boards with thin copper tracks connecting components. They are used to reduce the size and manufacturing costs of electronic systems
165
what do input devices do?
they change the electrical current in a circuit by receiving an external signal. Examples include switches and variable resistors
166
how does a thermistor function?
when conditions are hot the resistance falls increases
| used in central heating
167
how do LDRs function?
in brighter light the resistance falls
| used in automatic night lights
168
how do pressure sensors function?
depending on the type of pressure sensor, resistance can be increased or decreased
used in equipment where gases or liquids are monitored.
169
what are integrated circuits?
tiny self contained circuits, they simplify a circuit and make a circuit cheaper, smaller and use less power
170
name advantages and disadvantages of a micro controller
+they can do the job of multiple ICs
+they can be reprogrammed
- more expensive than other ICs
171
How are timers and counters different?
timers add a a time delay to a process and generate a pulse after a certain amount of time. counters count the pulses made by an input device
172
how does a microcontroller use a timer?
microcontrollers controlling flashing lights like car indicators use timers to set how long the light is on/ off
microcontroller controlling microwave uses a timer
173
what does a mechanical system do?
changes the magnitude and direction of a force
174
what do levers do?
make it easier to lift loads
175
What is in the middle in a first order leaver?
The pivot between the effort and the load.
| picture it like a seesaw
176
What is in the middle in a second order leaver?
the load, like a wheelbarrow. the closer together the load and the pivot, the easier it is to lift
177
What is in the middle of a third order leaver?
the effort, like a fishing rod and garden spade. moving the effort and the pivot further apart makes it easier to lift
178
name 2 types of linkage
bell crank, push/pull linkages
179
what does a bell crank linkage do?
changes the direction of a force through 90 degrees
180
what do gear trains do?
transmit or change rotary motion
181
How do you make gears turn in the same direction?
use a third gear called an idler
182
How do you half the force needed to lift a load?
use one fixed pulley and one moving pulley (a block and tackle)
183
what do belt drives do?
transfer movement. They are used in things like pillar drills and washing machines. they are made up of a driver (motor), belt and the driven shaft.
184
what do cams do and what can they be used for?
they change rotary motion to reciprocating motion
| changing the size and shape of the cam can be used to change the magnitude of the output motion
185
name 4 basic cam shapes
pear, circular, snail and four-lobed
186
name properties of metal foam
contain many gas filled spaces so are lightweight
| stiff, tough and strong under compression. used in lightweight car parts and in bone implants
187
name properties of titanium
corrosion resistant, high strength: weight, used in aerospace, difficult to machine
188
name properties of liquid crystal displays
when an electric current is applied, the crystals change shape so the image changes. used in flat screen displays and calculators
189
name properties of coated metals
galvanising and electroplating can prevent rust, anodised aluminium is harder and resistant to corrosion, coating with PVC makes it corrosion resistant and can be coloured
190
name properties of carbon nanotubes
very high strength : weight, are good conductors of heat and electricity. can strengthen materials. used in electronics and tennis racquets
191
name properties of self cleaning fabrics
they have a nanoparticle coating that removes odours and stains upon exposure to light
192
name properties of antibacterial fabrics
use nanoparticles of silver to kill bacteria. they have medical uses like face masks and dressings.
193
name some smart materials
shape memory alloys (nitinol), photochromic pigments, thermochromic pigments
194
what are technical textiles?
made to just be functional
195
what does batch production do?
makes a certain amount of products.
batches can be repeated
one process is done on the whole batch and then another
the machinery and workforce need to be flexible so they can be quickly changed
down time wastes money
196
what does mass production do?
making loads of the same product
used for mass-market products each worker does a small part of the process
uses CAD/CAM
197
how does continuous differ from mass production?
it runs all the time as it would be too expensive to keep stopping
almost entirely automated
makes huge amounts of only one thing
cost per item is cheap
198
name some quality control tests
go/no go fixtures, registration marks, checking against original
199
what do registration marks do?
they check that the printing plates are aligned
200
name ways to achieve consistency during manufacture
depth stops, laser cutters, PCBs
201
what do depth stops do?
create exact depths, they are long rods clamped close to the drill bit
