geender Flashcards

Question

What is the Oedipus Complex?

Answer 1

Occurs in boys during the phallic stage Boy desires mother and feels rivalry toward father Fear of castration anxiety leads to identification with father

Answer 2

Developed by Freud Based on the Oedipus complex (boys) and Electra complex (girls) Children experience unconscious conflicts during the phallic stage (3-6 years) Gender identity forms through identification with the same-sex parent

Answer 3

✔️ First theory to link gender development to early childhood experiences ✔️ Highlights unconscious motivation ❌ Based on case studies like Little Hans (not generalisable) ❌ Lacks scientific credibility

Answer 4

Social sensitivity Protection of participants

Answer 5

Occurs in girls during the phallic stage Girl desires father and experiences penis envy Eventually identifies with mother as a result of envy and social pressure

Answer 6

Gender roles are largely influenced by culture rather than biology Supports the nurture argument

Answer 7

Observed gender roles in three tribes in New Guinea: Arapesh: Both sexes were gentle and cooperative Mundugumor: Both sexes were aggressive and hostile Tchambuli: Women were dominant, and men were more emotionally dependent

Answer 8

✔️ Shows how culture shapes gender roles ❌ Possible researcher bias – Mead may have exaggerated cultural differences ❌ Later studies found more similarities between genders across cultures

Answer 9

Different cultures reinforce different gender expectations Collectivist cultures often emphasise traditional gender roles Individualistic cultures tend to promote gender equality

Answer 10

Barry et al. (1957): Found that nurturing behaviours were encouraged in girls across many cultures, while independence was encouraged in boys

Answer 11

✔️ Explains cross-cultural differences ❌ Difficult to separate nature vs nurture ❌ Research often relies on subjective observations

Answer 12

Media portrays stereotypical gender roles Men often shown in leadership roles Women depicted as nurturing or domestic

Answer 13

Williams (1986): Studied a town before and after TV was introduced Found that children became more gender-stereotyped after watching TV

Answer 14

✔️ Highlights the media’s role in reinforcing stereotypes ✔️ Useful for creating social change through positive role models ❌ Difficult to establish cause and effect

Answer 15

Condition where an individual’s biological sex does not match their gender identity Causes significant distress and discomfort Previously known as Gender Identity Disorder (GID)

Answer 16

Suggests that Gender Dysphoria is caused by differences in brain structure Focuses on the BSTc region (Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis) BSTc is larger in males than females

Answer 17

Zhou et al. (1995): Found that the BSTc region in transgender women was similar in size to cisgender women Suggests a biological basis for Gender Dysphoria

Answer 18

Abnormal exposure to hormones in the womb could affect brain development High or low levels of testosterone may masculinise or feminise the brain

Answer 19

✔️ Scientific evidence from post-mortem studies ✔️ Explains why some individuals experience gender dysphoria ❌ Small sample sizes ❌ Correlation does not imply causation

Answer 20

✔️ Explains why some individuals feel a mismatch between sex and gender ❌ Difficult to test in humans ❌ Does not explain why all individuals with abnormal hormone levels do not experience dysphoria

Answer 21

Early trauma or overly close parent-child relationships may influence gender identity Example: Boys with distant fathers may identify more with their mothers

Answer 22

Stoller (1975): Found that many male-to-female transgender individuals had overly close relationships with their mothers

Answer 23

✔️ Explains family influences ❌ Cannot establish cause and effect ❌ Reductionist – Ignores biological factors

Answer 24

Combines biological and social explanations Suggests that a combination of brain structure, hormones, and upbringing leads to Gender Dysphoria

Answer 25

Based on Freudian theory Suggests that Gender Dysphoria results from unresolved childhood conflicts Often linked to overly close mother-son relationships in males Gender identity issues arise from difficulty in establishing a separate identity

Answer 26

Combination of: Hormone therapy Counselling Gender reassignment surgery

Answer 27

Stoller (1975): Found that male-to-female transgender individuals often had overly close relationships with their mothers Supports the idea that family dynamics play a role in gender identity development

Answer 28

✔️ Explains individual differences in gender identity ❌ Lacks scientific evidence ❌ Difficult to test unconscious processes ❌ Ignores the role of biological factors

geender Flashcards

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