Gen Bio Flashcards
(87 cards)
1
Q
acquire oxygen and release carbon dioxide and is mostly associated with the
circulatory system
A
respiratory system
2
Q
Respiration of Fishes
A
gills
3
Q
During inhalation, the mouth of the fish __ and the gills are __
A
opens;closed
4
Q
During exhalation,
the mouth of the fish is __ and the gills are __.
A
close;open
5
Q
Respiration of Annelids like earthworms
A
through skin
6
Q
Respiration of Vertebrates
A
lungs/alveoli
7
Q
Respiration of Insects
A
tracheal system (independent of the animals’ open circulatory system)
8
Q
Route of air through the respiratory system
A
nose → nasal cavity → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli
9
Q
A chronic inflammatory disease that causes breathing problems due to narrowed airways from
inflammation or mucus blockage.
A
Asthma
10
Q
sacs (alveoli) lose elasticity and become damaged, reducing the lung’s ability to transfer oxygen
to the blood.
A
Emphysema
11
Q
Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, spreads through airborne germs from person to person.
A
Tuberculosis
12
Q
Gas exchange in plants can occur in __, __, and primarily in ___
A
roots, stems, and primarily in leaves.
13
Q
tiny pores in plant tissue that open and close to enable gas exchange which helps in
photosynthesis
A
Stomata
14
Q
control the opening and closing of the
stomata
A
pair of guard cells
15
Q
When the stomata are open, the guard cells are __ and when it is closed, the guard cells are
__
A
swollen;shrunken
16
Q
manipulates turgor pressure
A
abscisic acid (ABA)
17
Q
carries water and nutrients
A
Xylem
18
Q
carries food and other organic substances ( e.g. hormones and mRNA)
A
Phloem
19
Q
the host’s first line of defense and is intended to prevent infection and attack the invading
pathogens.
A
Innate immunity
20
Q
examples of Innate immunity
A
Neutrophils, Macrophage, Dendritic Cells, Natural Killer Cells
21
Q
involves specialized immune cells and antibodies that attack and destroy foreign invaders and
are able to prevent disease in the future by remembering what those substances look like and mounting a new
immune response.
A
Adaptive immunity
22
Q
examples of Adaptive immunity
A
B cells and T cells
23
Q
brain and spinal cord
A
Central Nervous System
24
Q
cranial nerves and spinal nerves that carry information in and out of the CNS
A
Peripheral Nervous System
25
conveys impulses to the central nervous system from sensory receptors located in various parts of the body
Sensory (afferent)
26
carries impulses from the CNS to effector organs, muscles, and glands. These impulses activate muscles and glands.
Motor (efferent)
27
allows us to consciously, or voluntarily, control our skeletal muscles.
Somatic Nervous System
28
regulates events that are automatic, or involuntary, such as the activity of smooth and cardiac muscles and glands.
Autonomic Nervous System
29
responds to stress and is responsible for the increase of your heartbeat and blood pressure, among other physiological changes, along with the sense of excitement you may feel due to the increase of adrenaline in your system.
Sympathetic
30
is evident when you rest or feel relaxed and is responsible for such things as the constriction of the pupil, the slowing of the heart, the dilation of the blood vessels, and the stimulation of the digestive and urinary systems.
Parasympathetic
31
It receives information from our senses and controls our thoughts and movements
Brain
32
Thalamus, Hypothalamus
Diencephalon/interbrain
33
- relay station for sensory impulses passing upward to the sensory cortex.
- All information from your body’s senses (except smell) must be processed through your ___ before being sent to your brain’s cerebral cortex for interpretation.
- plays a role in sleep, wakefulness, consciousness, learning and memory.
* Thalamus
34
- important autonomic nervous system center because it plays a role in the regulation of body temperature, water balance, and metabolism.
- also the center for many drives and emotions For example, thirst, appetite, sex, pain, and pleasure centers.
* Hypothalamus
35
Midbrain, Medulla Oblongata, Pons
Brain Stem
36
- relay system, transmitting information necessary for vision and hearing.
- plays an important role in motor movement, pain, and the sleep/wake cycle.
* Midbrain
37
- Contains centers that control heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting, among others.
* Medulla Oblongata
38
- have important nuclei involved in the control of breathing.
* Pons
39
- provides the precise timing for skeletal muscle activity and controls our balance and equilibrium.
Cerebellum
40
If the cerebellum is damaged (for example, by a blow to the head, a tumor, or a stroke), movements become clumsy and disorganized—a condition called _____.
ataxia
41
* Cerebral Cortex
Cerebrum
42
Speech, memory, logical and emotional response, as well as consciousness, interpretation of sensation, and voluntary movement.
* Cerebral Cortex
43
* Four regions of the cortex
Frontal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
44
personality and emotions, higher thinking skills, like problem solving; and controlling movement. It continues to develop until you are in your mid 20s.
FRONTAL LOBE
45
helps process your hearing and other senses, and helps with language and reading.
TEMPORAL LOBE
46
involved with your senses, attention, and language.
PARIETAL LOBE
47
helps your eyes see, including recognition of shapes and colors
OCCIPITAL LOBE
48
- controls speech, comprehension, arithmetic, and writing.
Left Hemisphere
49
- controls creativity, spatial ability, artistic, and musical skills
Right Hemisphere
50
The ability of the plant to reorient the shoot growth towards a direction of light source.
Phototropism
51
It is a plant's growth response in which the direction of growth is determined by a stimulus or gradient in water concentration.
Hydrotropism
52
The movement or change in orientation of a plant’s growth as a reaction to touch.
Thigmotropism
53
The growth of roots and shoots toward or away from the direction of gravity. The response of plants to gravity implies starch-filled plastids, the statoliths, which sediments at the bottom of the gravisensing cells, the statocytes.
Gravitropism/Geotropism
54
are signaling biomolecules released by plants and animals that have a function in the control of physiological processes as well as the upkeep of homeostasis in the body of living beings
HORMONES
55
Animal hormones can diffuse through the ___
blood (circulatory system)
56
plant hormones diffuse through the _____
phloem and xylem
57
* Stimulates stem elongation (low concentration only); promotes the formation of lateral and adventitious roots; regulates development of fruit; enhances apical dominance; functions in phototropism and gravitropism;
Auxin
58
Promotes ripening of many types of fruit, leaf abscission, and the triple response in seedlings (inhibition of stem elongation, promotion of lateral expansion, and horizontal growth)
Ethylene
59
* Stimulate stem elongation, pollen development, pollen tube growth, fruit growth, and seed development and germination
Gibberellins
60
* Promote cell expansion and cell division in shoots; promote root growth at low concentrations
Brassinosteroids
61
Plants can absorb water and mineral ions from the soil through the process of ____
osmosis
62
animals that live in or on their food source.
Examples: earthworms that feed through the soil where they live in; caterpillars that eat through the leaves where they live
substrate-feeders
63
include many aquatic animals that draw in water and strain small organisms and food particles present in the medium.
Examples: whales and coelenterates
filter-feeders
64
suck fluids containing nutrients from a living host.
Examples: mosquitoes, leeches, head lice, aphids
fluid-feeders
65
eat relatively large chunks of food and have adaptations like jaws, teeth, tentacles, claws, pincers, etc. that help in securing the food and tearing it to pieces.
Examples: snakes, cats
bulk-feeders
66
- animals with four-part stomachs, which allows them to chew food more than once
Ruminants
67
- composed of a single opening through which food is taken in and where wastes are disposed of; it is a saclike body cavity.
Examples: in the cnidarian Hydra and in flatworm Planaria
Gastrovascular cavity or incomplete digestive system
68
- essentially like a tube with an opening at one end for taking in food (mouth) and an opening at the other end where unabsorbed waste materials are eliminated (anus). In between the mouth and anus, are specialized organs that carry out transport, processing, and absorption of digested nutrients.
- Food moves through the human digestive system through peristalsis.
Complete Digestive System
69
Organs of the digestive system
1. Oral Cavity
2. Pharynx
3. Esophagus
4. Stomach
5. Small intestine
6. large intestine
7. rectum
8. anus
70
mixes and stores ingested food, secretes gastric juice that helps dissolve and degrade the food, and regulates the passage of food into the small intestine
Stomach
71
carries out most of the digestive process, absorbing almost all of the nutrients you get from foods into your bloodstream
Small intestine
72
* When food residue remains in the large intestine for extended periods, excessive water is absorbed and the stool becomes hard and difficult to pass, causing ____
constipation
73
Watery stools, or _____ , result from any condition that rushes undigested food residue through the large intestine before it has had sufficient time to absorb the water.
diarrhea
74
allows passage of wastes in unicellular organisms
Cell surface or cell membrane
75
the excretory tubule of most annelids and adult mollusks
Metanephridia
76
the excretory tubules of insects and other terrestrial arthropods attached to their digestive tract (midgut)
Malpighian Tubules
77
a network of tubules that lack internal openings but have external openings at the body surface called nephridiopores such as in the flatworm, Dugesia
Protonephridia or Flame Bulb System
78
the condition wherein steady state is regulated inside the organism for it to adapt to internal and external changes.
Homeostasis
79
Maintaining a stable internal environment requires constant monitoring and adjustments as conditions change. The adjustment of physiological systems within the body is called _____.
homeostatic regulation
80
homeostatic control has three components
receptor
center of control
effector
81
detect a change
receptor (sense organ)
82
will process and integrate what is happening
center of control (the brain or the spinal cord)
83
produce a response appropriate to the change.
effector (muscle cells or organs/ glands)
84
a reaction in which the system responds in such a way as to reverse the direction of change
Negative feedback
85
Negative feedback
a. Thermoregulation
b. Carbon dioxide concentration
c. Blood sugar level
86
a response occurs to amplify the change in the variable. This has a destabilizing effect, so does not result in homeostasis.
Positive feedback
87
Positive feedback
a. For example, in nerves, a threshold electric potential triggers the generation of a much larger action potential.
b. Blood clotting
c. Events in childbirth
