GEN BIO

Question 1

Involves the use of molecular techniques to modify the traits of a target organism

Answer 1

Genetic Engineering

Question 2

Is the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells

Answer 2

Bacterial Conjugation

Question 3

Specific process where exogenous genetic material is directly taken up and incorporated by a cell through its cell membrane

Answer 3

Transformation

Question 4

Process by which a virus transfers genetic material from one bacterium to another

Answer 4

Transduction

Question 5

Traditional way of genetic engineering which practices mating of organisms with desirable qualities and Recombinant DNA technology (rDNA)

Answer 5

Classical Breeding

Question 6

_______ is the joining together of DNA molecules from two different species

Answer 6

Recombinant DNA technology

Question 7

In this technique, a “gene gun” is used to fire DNA-coated pelletes used to transfer plasmid DNA into bacteria

Answer 7

Biolistics

Question 7

The target cells are pre-treated to increase the plasma membrane’s pore size, making the cells “competent” for accepting the plasmid DNA

Answer 7

Heat Shock Treatment

Question 8

This method is similar to Heat Shock Treatment, but the expansion of the membrane pores is done through an electric “shock”

Answer 8

Electroporation

Question 9

______ is the introduction of genes into an individual for therapeutic purposes

Answer 9

Gene Therapy

Question 10

Was the first genetically modified organism that was licensed for human consumption

Answer 10

Flavr-Savr (“Flavor Savor”)

Question 11

Was developed to incorporate the production of a toxin from Bacillus thuringensis in corn plants

Answer 11

Bt-Corn

Question 12

Was the first gets the power of the Sun and some prokaryotes or unicellular organisms are trying to eat and evolve to gather sunlight

Answer 12

The Cyanobacteria

Question 13

The life has been started by the first and simple cell and they call it ________ which define as a microscopic

Answer 13

Prokaryotes

Question 14

Some unicellular organisms evolve in multicellular organisms called ________ which defines as an organism consisting of a cell in which genetic material is DNA in the form of chromosomes

Answer 14

Eukaryotes

Question 15

Means ‘ancient life’. The oldest animales on Earth appeared just before the start of this era in Ediacaran Period

Answer 15

Paleozoic (541-252 million years ago)

Question 16

Marked by the evolution of hard body parts such as calcium carbonate shells

Answer 16

Cambrian Period

Question 17

______ is a geologic period and system, the second of six periods of the Paleozoic Era

Answer 17

Ordovician (485.4-443.4 million years ago)

Question 18

_______ system spanning 24.6 million years from the end of the Ordovician Period, at 443.8 million years ago, to the beginning of the Devonian Period

Answer 18

Silurian (443.4-419.2 million years ago)

Question 19

______ system of the Paleozoic era, spanning 60.3 million years from the end of the Silurian, to the beginning of the Carboniferous

Answer 19

Devonian Period (419.2-358.9 million years ago)

Question 20

Famous for its vast swamp forests, such as the one depicted here. Such swamps produced the coal from which the term _______, or “carbon-bearing”

Answer 20

Carboniferous Period (359.2-299 million years ago)

Question 21

_______ stratigraphic system which spans 47 million years from the end of the Carboniferous, to the beginning of the Triassic Period

Answer 21

Permian Period (252.2 million years ago)

Question 22

Nicknamed the _________, it is thought to have been triggered by catastrophic volcanic eruptions, resulting in dramatic environmental changes–including a runaway greenhouse effect and ocean acidification

Answer 22

The Great Dying

Question 23

_______ was the “Age of Reptiles”

Answer 23

Mesozoic Era (251.9-66 million years ago)

Question 24

______ began after Earth's worst-ever extinction event devastated life

Answer 24

Triassic Period (252-201 million years ago)

Question 25

_______ golden time for dinosaurs, which flourished for 180 million years

Answer 25

Jurassic Period (201.3-145 million years ago)

Question 26

_________ geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago. It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era, as well as the longest

Answer 26

Cretaceous Period (145-66 million years ago)

Question 27

________ happened around 65 million years ago and is more popularly known as Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction

Answer 27

5th Mass Extinction

Question 28

______ the continents drifted farther apart, heading toward their modern positions

Answer 28

Paleogene Period (66-23 million years ago)

Question 29

_______ geologic period and system that spans 20.45 million years from the end of the Paleogene Period to the beginning of the present Quaternary Period

Answer 29

Neogene Period (23.03-2.6 million years ago)

Question 30

________ is the third and last of the three periods of the Cenozoic Era

Answer 30

Quaternary Period (2.58 million years up to present day)

Question 31

English naturalist whose scientific theory of evolution by natural selection became the foundation of modern evolutionary studies

Answer 31

Charles Darwin

Question 32

Pionerring French biologist who is best known for his idea that acquired characters are inheritable, an idea known as Lamarckism

Answer 32

Jean-Bapstite Lamarck

Question 33

This is a change in the DNA sequence of the gene

Answer 33

Mutation

Question 34

It is simple the effect of change. Another way a popultaion's allele can change

Answer 34

Genetic Drift

Question 35

The flow of alleles in and out of the population resulting from the migration of individuals or gametes

Answer 35

Gene Flow

Question 36

It occurs during meiosis when chromosomes exhange genes

Answer 36

Recombination

Question 37

A Swedish naturalist and explorer that was the first to frame principles for defining natural genera. Also known as the "father of taxonomy"

Answer 37

Carolus Linneaus

Question 38

This is the highest taxon in Linnaean taxonomy, representing major divisions of organisms

Answer 38

Kingdom

Question 39

This taxon is a division of a kingdom. In the animal kingdom include chordates and anthropods

Answer 39

Phylum

Question 40

Is a division of phylum. Classes in the chordate phylum include mammals and birds

Answer 40

Class

Question 41

Is a division of a class. Orders in the mammal class include rodents and primates

Answer 41

Order

Question 41

Division of an order. ______ in the primate order include hominids and hylobatids

Answer 41

Family

Question 42

Below the genus and the lowest taxon in Linnaeus' system. Species in the Pan genus include Pan troglodytes

Answer 42

Species

Question 43

Division of a family. ____ in the hominid family include homo and pan

Answer 43

Genus

Question 44

An English cleric, scholar and influential economist in the fields of political economy and demography. Author of the 1798 book, An Essay on the Principle of Population

Answer 44

Thomas Malthus

Question 45

The Father of Paleontology. Theory of Catastrophism= boundaries represent floods, droughts. etc. that destroyed many species

Answer 45

Georges Cuvier

Question 46

Theory of Gradualism= Profound changes can result from cumulative effect of slow but continuous processes

Answer 46

James Hutton

Question 47

Principles of Geology=argued that the formation of Earth's crust took place through countless small changes occuring over the vast periods of time

Answer 47

Charles Lyell

Question 48

Is closely related organism that are very similar and capable of producing fertile offspring

Answer 48

Species

Question 49

"Species are groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups"

Answer 49

Ernst Mayer

Question 50

A collection of evolutionary mechanisms, behaviors and physiological processes critical for speciation

Answer 50

Reproductive Isolating Mechanism

Question 51

Prevent fertilization and zygote formation and happens before fertilization occurs between gametes

Answer 51

Pre-zygotic Isolation Mechanisms

Question 52

Occurs when two species that could interbreed do not because the species live in different areas

Answer 52

Geographic or ecological Isolation

Question 53

Different groups may not be reproductively mature

Answer 53

Temporal or Seasonal Isolation

Question 54

Patters of courtship is different

Answer 54

Behavioral Isolation

Question 55

Differences in reproductive organs prevent successful interbreeding

Answer 55

Mechanical Isolation

Question 55

Incompatibilities between egg and sperm prevent fertilization

Answer 55

Gametic Isolation

Question 56

Allow fertilization but nonviable or weak or sterile hybrids are formed

Answer 56

Post-zygotic Isolation Mechanisms

Question 57

Fertilized egg fails to develop past the early embryotic stages

Answer 57

Hybrid Inviability

Question 58

Their hybrids are sterile because gonads develop abnormally or there is abnormal segregation of chromosomes during meiosis

Answer 58

Hybrid Sterility

Question 59

F1 hybrids are normal, vigorous and viable, but F2 contains many weak or sterile individuals

Answer 59

Hybrid Breakdown

Question 59

Is the evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species

Answer 59

Speciation

Question 60

______ 'other place' or geographic speciation occurs when some members of a population become geographically seperated from the other members therby preventing gene flow

Answer 60

Allopatric Speciation

Question 61

______ 'same place' occurs when members of a population that initially occupy the same habitat within the same range diverge into two or more different species

Answer 61

Sympatric Speciation

Question 62

_________ 'beside each other' occurs when the group that evolved to be seperate species are geographic neighbors

Answer 62

Parapatric Speciation