Gen Chem 1-2 Flashcards by John Jacob Ezekiel Cais

First coined the term “atomos” or “uncuttable”

Democritus

Mnemonics: Democritus : Atomos

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Hypothesized atomic theory

John Dalton

Mnemonics: Dalton’s Atomic Theories (4 DAT)

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4 Dalton’s Hypotheses on Atomic Theory?

Elements (w/atoms)
Unique atoms per element
Compounds (w/ > 1 element)
Law of Conservation of mass

Mnemonics: EUCL (Dalton’s 4 Ukelele)

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“When** two elements **combine to form more than one compound, weights of the elements are in ratio of small integers”

What do you call this law?
Who is the proponent? **

C + O = CO2

C + O = CO

Law of Multiple Proportions
(John Dalton)

Mnemonics: Lumps (LMP) ni Dalton

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“Same chemical compound,
always same mass proportion of elements”

What do you call this law?
Who is the proponent?

Any sample of water contains 11.19% H and 88.81% O, by mass.

Law of Definite Proportions
(Joseph Louise Proust)

Mnemonics: (LDP) DEFINITE mag Pro-PROUST

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First isolated sugar from grapes

Joseph Louis Proust

Mnemonics: Proust as a Sugar Daddy

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“When body energy changes by an amount E , the mass (m) of the body will change by an amount equal to E/c2.”

Who is the proponent of this theory?

Mass-energy - Energy Lost : Mass Lost

Albert Einstein

Mnemonics :Mass-energy - Energy Lost : Mass Lost

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Emission- Transmission of energy in space

Form: Wave

Radiation

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It is a vacuum tube containing one or more electron guns – emit electron beams that are manipulated to display images on a phosphorescent screen.

Invisible ray –> coated surface –> FLUORESCENCE

Cathode Ray Tube

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In a CRT:

Anode:
Cathode:

Plate Charges

In a CRT:
Anode: (+) positively charged plates
Cathode: (-) negatively charged plates

Mnemonics: A+ C-

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What is the “eletric charge to mass” ratio?

JJ Thomson

( - 1.76 x 10^8 C/g)

Mnemonics: 678 pero shuffled
Positive value exponent

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What is the value for electron (e -) charge?

( - 1.6022 x 10 ^ -19)

Mnemonics: -16, -19, 022

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1923 Nobel Prize in Physics - determining electron (e -) charge

American P

Robert Millikan

Mnemonics: May Electron Charge ang Gatas ni Robert

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1906 Nobel Prize Physics for discovery of electron

British P

JJ Thomson

RE: Plum-Pudding Model (Positive sphere, Negative Raisins)

Mnemonics: Nega si JJ

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Given Real Constants:

(A) electron charge = - 1.6022 x 10^-19 C
(B) ratio e charge/mass = -1.76 x 10^8 C/g

Find the mass of electron.

mass electron = A/B

9.10x^-28 g

Mnemonics: Mass e - : 9, 10, 28 (negative exponent)

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1901 Nobel Prize Physics - discovery of X-Rays (a.k.a. Rontgen Rays)

X-Rays
- darkened photographic plates
- can’t be deflected by

German P

Wilhelm Konrad Rontgen

Mnemonics: X-Rays (a.k.a. Rontgen Rays)

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3 Types of raays emitted by decay of radioactives?

e.g. Uranium

α rays (+)
β rays (-)
γ rays (no charge)

X-Ray : gamma ray

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1903 Nobel Prize Physics (1/2) - discovery of uranium radioactivity

French P

Antoine Henri Becquerel

Mnemonics: Bekenemen Uranium

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Spontaneous emission of particles

Coined by Marie Curie

Radioactivity

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1903 Nobel Prize Physics (1/2) - Radioactivity
1911 Nobel Prize Chemistry - Radium & Polonium

Marya Sklodowska

Marie Curie

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1908 Nobel Prize Chemistry - investigation & discovery of atomic nucleus

Nucleus: proton-dense central core in atom

Mnemonic: R with GuM

New Zealand, German, & English P

Ernest Rutherford
with:
associate Johannes Geiger
undergrad Ernest Marsden

Different languages, PAANO SILA NAG COMMUNICATE TE?

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Measures RADIATION

Geiger Counter

Mnemonics: Counter Radiation ni Geiger

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Invented Geiger Counter

German P

Johannes Hans Wilhem Geiger

Mnemonics: JHWG or simply MONSTER Anime (Brain Surgery)

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Charge of a Proton is equal to ___________

Value? Comparison?

+1.6022x10^-19 C

Same with electron (tho, different signs)

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Unit for Electric Charge

Coulomb | Mnemonics: CC (Coulomb - Charge)

Nucleus covers ____ volume of an atom | Mnemonics: Stadium: Atom & Small Marble: Nucleus

(1/10)^13

Unit of atomic dimension | Mnemonics: Dimensions ba kamo? PM Sent

Picometer (pm)

1 picometer (pm) is equal to ____ m | Mnemonics: Negative dozen

1 x 10^-12

1 angstrom (Å) is equal to ____ picometer (pm) | ANGSTROM is a non-SI unit for atomic length

100 picometer | Mnemonics: 1 AM - 100 PM

Radius of atomic nucleus | Value in picometers?

5 x 10 ^ -3 pm

What is the missing part of Rutherford's Model?

Neutrons

1935 Nobel Prize Physics - discovery of neutron (slightly denser >proton)

What is the ratio of Helium to Hydrogen atoms?

4:1 | Helium has 2P, 2N while Hydrogen has 1P, 0N

Mass of Subatomic Particles: m Electron: X m Proton: Y m Neutron: Z Find X , Y , & Z. | P > N > E

Mass of Subatomic Particles: m Electron: 9.109 x 10^ -28 m Proton: 1.673 x 10 ^ -24 m Neutron: 1.675 x 10 ^ -24

Charge of Subatomic Particles: m Electron: X m Proton: Y m Neutron: Z Find X , Y , & Z. | P > E > N

Charge of Subatomic Particles: m Electron: - 1.6022 x 10 ^ -19 m Proton: + 1.6022 x 10 ^ -19 m Neutron: 0

Number of protons in nucleus the ___? | Mnemonics: P = E = Z

Atomic Number (Z)

Is number of proton equal to electrons?

Yes | P = E

Total number of protons and neutrons in nucleus is ____? | Mnemonics 1: P + N = A

Mass Number (A) | Mnemonics 2: P + N = A

How to get neutron number?

N = A - Z | Mnemonics: Nazi

Boron: Mass Number = 12 P: ? E: ? N: ?

Boron: Mass Number (A) = 12 (Z) P: 5 (Z) E: 5 N: 7 | N = A - Z

What do you call atoms with same atomic number, but different mass numbers? | Same Z, Different A

Isotopes

3 Isotopes of Hydrogen

Protium (H-1): 1P, 0N Deuterim (H-2): 1P, 1N Tritium (H-3): 1P, 2N

2 Common Isotopes of Uranium

Uranium- 235 Uranium - 238 Both Z = 92 | Atomic # Uranium : 92

Isotopes of Elements are determined by their ____ numbers?

Mass Numbers | Isotopes = A

Na Mass Number (A): 20 Atomic Number (Z): 11 P: ? E: ? N: ?

Na Mass Number (A): 20 Atomic Number (Z): 11 P: 11 E: 11 N: 9

O Mass Number (A): 17 P: ? E: ? N: ?

O Mass Number (A): 17 Atomic Number (Z): 8 P: 8 E: 8 N: 9

Carbon-14 P: ? E: ? N: ?

Carbon-14 Mass Number (A): 14 Atomic Number (Z): 6 P: 6 E: 6 N: 8

Cu Mass Number (A): 63 P: ? E: ? N: ?

Cu Mass Number (A): 63 Atomic Number (Z): 29 P: 29 E: 29 N: 34

Name the only element with an isotope of zero nucleus

Hydrogen

Why helium nucleus with zero neutron is likely to be unstable? | Forces

The remaining protons will repel electromagnetically, causing atom to fall apart.

Horizontal: Periods Vertical : ___________ | Periodic Table

Groups/ Families

3 Categories of Elements

Metal, Nonmetal, Metalloid

Group 1A Elements : _____

Alkali Metals | (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr) ## Footnote Mnemonics: U**Li** **Na** **K**a, **R**o**b**insons' **C**e**s**, **F**or **R**eal?

Group 2A elements: __________

Alkaline Earth Metals | (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra) ## Footnote Mnemonics: Be Mag Canton mi ni Sir IBaRa

In the periodic table, do chemical properties changes more markedly across a period or down a group?

Across a period

It is an aggregate of a least 2 atom in a definite arrangement (held together by chemical bonds) | Hydrogen gas (H-H) , these are neural substances

Molecule | LDP: may contain atoms of same element or diff. yet in small ratio

Diatomic molecules can be compose of atoms of 2 different elements. True or False?

True | HCl, CO, H2, N2, Cl2, Br2,

Molecules containing more than 2 atoms

Polyatomic molecules

Ozone (O3), H2O, Ammonia (NH3) are what type of molecules?

Polyatomic molecules

Which of the following does not exist as a diatomic molecule? H, N, O, F, Cl, Br, I

None of the above

Atoms with net positive/negative charge?

Ions

Number of protons changes during chemical reactions. True or False?

False. It remains the same.

Metal: Cation: Loses electrons Nonmetal: Anions: _______- electrons

Gains

Compounds formed from cations and anions?

Ionic Compounds

Used by chemist to express composition of molecules and ionic compounds in terms of chemical symbol

Chemical Formulas

2 Types of Chemical Formulas?

Molecular Formulas Empirical Formulas

Type of chemical formula that shows exact # of atoms of each element

Molecular Formula | Mnemonics: Molecu(LAHART)???

1 of 2 or more distinct forms of an element

Allotropes

2 Allotropes of Carbon

Diamond Graphite | Mnemonics: Carbon-DG

Difference between ball-and-stick and space-filling molecular models?

The latter is more accurate; shows variation of atomic size

Type of chemical formula that shoes which elements are present in simplest ratio of atoms.

**H**ydrazi**N**e Molecular Formula: ? Empirical Formula: ? | Clue: H N (EVEN REVERSED)

**H**ydrazi**N**e Molecular Formula: N2H4 Empirical Formula: NH2

**CHL**oroform Molecular Formula: ? Empirical Formula: ? | Clue: C, H, CL (3)

**CHL**oroform Molecular Formula: CHCl3 Empirical Formula: CHCl3

Ace**TY**lene Molecular Formula: ? Empirical Formula: ? | Clue: C, H (ACE-TWO-LENE)

Ace**TY**lene Molecular Formula: C2H2 Empirical Formula: CH

Glucose Molecular Formula: ? Empirical Formula: ? | Clue: C, H, O (121)

Glucose Molecular Formula: C6H12O6 Empirical Formula: CH2O

CAFFEINE Molecular Formula: ? Empirical Formula: ? | Clue: CHNO (not chons) 8, 10, 4, 2

Caffeine Molecular Formula: C8H10N4O2 Empirical Formula: C4H5N2O

Guess the Ionic Compound Formula: Potassium Bromide Zinc Iodide Aluminum Oxide

KBr ZnI2 Al2O3 | K+, Br-, Zn2+, I-, Al3+, O2-

Guess the Ionic Compound Formula: Magnesium Nitride Chromium Sulfate Titanium Oxide | Titanium (4 ; syllables daw = charge)

Mg3N2 Cr2(SO4)3 TiO2 (Simplied by factor of 2) | Mg2+, N3-, Cr3+, (SO4)2-, Ti4+, O2-

Inorganic compounds contains C,H,O,N,S? True or False

False. Organic

5 Divisions of naming Inorganic Compounds | Mnemonics: I'M A BitcH

**I**onic Compounds **M**olecular Compounds **A**cids **B**ases **H**ydrates | Mnemonics: I'M A BitcH

Name compounds that is an exception in naming ionic compounds | Not a metal nor nonmetal

Ammonium Ion (NH4+)

2 Step in Naming Ionic Compounds

S1. Name the metal S2. change nonmetal to -ide

Can transition metal form more than 1 type of cation? True or False?

True

Ionic Compound Naming FeCl2 : ________ FeCl3:________

Ionic Compound Naming **Fe**Cl**2** : ferr**OUS** chloride **Fe**Cl**3**: ferr**IC** chloride

Ionic Compound Naming Cu2+: ________

Ionic Compound Naming **Cu2+**: cupr**IC**

Ionic Compound Naming via STOCK Mn2+: ________ Mn3+: ________ Mn4+: ________ | MANGA 2,3,4,

Mn2+: MnO Mn3+: Mn2O3 Mn4+:MnO2 manganese (XX) oxide

Name the following: Cu(NO3)2 KH2PO4 NH4ClO3 | Ionic

Copper (II) nitrate Potassium dihydrogen phosphate Ammonium chlorate

State the chemical formulas: mercury (I) nitrate cesium sulfide calcium phosphate rubidium sulfate barium hydride

Hg2(NO2)2 Cs2S Ca3(PO4)2 Rb2SO4 BaH2 | Hg2+, NO2-, Cs+, S2-, Ca2+, (PO4)3-, Rb2+, (SO4)2-, Ba2+, H-

Which type of inorganic compounds uses greek prefixes in naming the molecular compounds | Particularly, second element?

Molecular (Covalent) Compounds | Nonmetal-Nonmetal ## Footnote Drop mono, Drop "a" in prefix

Name these 3 common covalent compounds: B2H6: ? SiH4: ? PH3: ?

B2H6: **DIBORANE** (2 BORINGGG) SiH4: **SILANE** (SILICON IN 4 LANES) PH3: **PHOSPHINE ** (PUSPIN :3)

Gen Chem 1-2 Flashcards

(95 cards)