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Gen Med: Lecture 7- Cardiovascular Assessment Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

What is the equation for MAP?

A

CO x TPR

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2
Q

What is normal value for MAP?

A

70-110 mmHg

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3
Q

What is normal for pulse pressure?

A

40 mmHg

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4
Q

What are normal BP values for the Pulmonary Artery?

A

15-30 mmHg Systolic
5-15 mmHg Diastolic

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5
Q

What are normal BP values for Cantral Venous Pressure?

A

0-8 mmHg

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6
Q

What are normal BP values for Right Atrial Pressure?

A

0-8 mmHg

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7
Q

What are normal BP values for Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure?

A

4-15 mmHg

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8
Q

What BP is considered a hypertensive crisis?

A

Systolic greater than 180
-or-
Diastolic greater than 120

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9
Q

Why is hypertension dangerous?

A

Creates pressure overload on left ventricle causing left ventricular hypertrophy

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10
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

Stretching of vessel wall to 150% normal

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11
Q

What causes an aneurysm?

A

Weakening of the vessel wall

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12
Q

What increases risk of an aneurysm?

A

Hypertension
Atherosclerosis
Smoking
Family history
Male
Age

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13
Q

How are aneurysms named?

A

Location, size, and appearance

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14
Q

Can aneurysms be asymptomatic?

A

Yes, often are

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15
Q

What are some symptoms of aneurysms?

A

Persistent vague pain
Pulsating mass
Bruits
Claudication
Numbness in distal tissues
Poor distal pulses
Excessive fatigue

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16
Q

What can an aneurysm lead to?

A

Thrombosis
Dissection
Rupture

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17
Q

What exercises should be done in patients with an aneurysm?

A

Moderate to low intensity aerobic
Low resistance strengthening

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18
Q

What exercise intervention should be completely avoided in cerebral aneurysms?

A

Strengthening

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19
Q

How does size of aneurysm affect exercise?

A

Increased size of aneurysm= decreased exercise

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20
Q

What usually happens to aneurysms over time?

A

Usually progress

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21
Q

When should aneurysms be surgically repaired?

A

When they are greater then 5 cm

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22
Q

What are some PT consideration post aneurysm repair?

A

Possible ROM restrictions
WB restrictions
Lifting restrictions
BP restrictions
Abdominal incision affects coughing

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23
Q

What is characterized as orthostatic hypotension?

A

Drop in systolic BP by 20 mmHg or diastolic by 10 mmHg within 3 minutes of standing

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24
Q

What causes orthostatic hypotension?

A

Pooling of blood in LE

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25
What causes blood to pool in LE leading to orthostatic hypotension?
Conditions that decrease vascular volume Impaired muscle pump Impaired cardiovascular reflexes
26
What would indicate a volume depletion related orthostatic hypotension?
Fall in BP with increase in HR
27
What would indicate a baroreflex impairment related orthostatic hypotension?
Fall in BP with less than 10 bpm increase in HR
28
What are some exercises that help with orthostatic hypotension?
Ankle pumps UE/LE ROM Diaphragmatic breathing Crossing legs
29
What can be given to a patient to help with orthostatic hypotension?
Elastic stockings Abdominal binders
30
What medications are used to treat PAD?
Antithrombotic Lipid control (Statins) BP control Vasodilators
31
What procedures are used as endovascular management of PAD?
Endarterectomy Bypass surgery Angioplasty Stent
32
When is endovascular management indicated for PAD?
Ischemic rest pain Tissue death Pain interferes with ADLs/Work
33
What are Peripheral Vascular Bypass grafts made of?
Saphenous vein Synthetic material
34
What creates the S1 heart sound?
Closing of AV valves
35
Where is S1 heart sound the loudest?
At apex
36
What creates the S2 heart sound?
Closing of semilunar valves
37
Where is the S2 heart sound the loudest?
Near base
38
How does the time between S1 to S2 differ from S2 to S1?
S1 to S2 is shorter
39
Where do you place the stethoscope to listen to the Aortic area?
Right second intercostal space, just lateral to sternum
40
Where do you place the stethoscope to listen to the pulmonary area?
Left second intercostal, just lateral to the sternum
41
Where do you place the stethoscope to listen to the tricuspid area?
Inferior left sternal margin
42
Where do you place the stethoscope to listen to the mitral area?
Left 5th intercostal space
43
Where is the apex beat located?
Mitral area Left 5th intercostal space
44
What does S3 heart sound indicate?
Early ventricular filling
45
When does S3 heart sound occur?
Early in diastole
46
Who is an S3 heart sound normal in?
Children and young adults
47
Who is an S3 heart sound abnormal in?
People over 40
48
What conditions is an S3 heart sound a classic sign of?
CHF
49
What is an S4 heart sound associated with?
Resistance to ventricular filling
50
When does an S4 heart sound occur?
Late in diastole, immediately before S1
51
What are possible causes of an S4 heart sound?
Hypertension Coronary Artery Disease Myocardial Infarction Pulmonary Disease CABG
52
What causes murmurs?
Vibrations from turbulent airflow Commonly due to regurgitation or stenosis
53
How are murmurs described?
Based on position in cardiac cycle
54
What is valvular stenosis?
Valve narrowing, unable to fully open
55
What is valvular insufficiency?
Valves do not close properly and allow regurgitation
56
What causes a pericardial friction rub?
Pericardial inflammation
57
What is a pericardial friction rub?
An irregular, creaky, scratchy noise
58
When are vesicular lung sounds primarily heard?
During inspiration
59
What do vesicular lung sounds sound like?
Soft, low pitched
60
What do crackles sound like when auscultating the lungs?
Discontinuous sounds, similar to brief bursts of popping bubbles
61
What causes crackles when auscultating the lungs?
Sudden opening of closed airways Movement of secretions
62
When are crackles typically heard while auscultating?
Inspiration
63
What do wheezes sound like when auscultating?
Continuous sounds, high or low pitched
64
What causes wheezes during auscultation?
Airway obstruction caused by mucus, spasm, or foreign body
65
When are wheezes typically heard during auscultation?
Expiration
66
What causes pleural rub when auscultating?
Friction between viscera and parietal pleura (Pluerisy)
67
When is pleural rub heard during auscultation?
Inspiration and expiration
68
What does pleural rub sound like?
2 balloons rubbing against each other
69
What equation is used to measure Myocardial oxygen consumption?
RPP= HR x SBP

Gen Med (9 decks)

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