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FT > Gen Microbiology > Flashcards

Gen Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

These microorganisms thrive at 25-45 degree C temperature

A

Mesophiles

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2
Q

Psychrotophs are microorganisms that grow at temperature between ____

A

20 to 30 degree C

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3
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Psychrotophs grow well at low temperature

A

TRUE

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4
Q

identify the nutrition of the microorganism

Photoautotroph

energy source and carbon source

A

sunlight CO2

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5
Q

identify nutrition of microorganism

Photoheterotrophs

nutrition in the form of energy source and carbon source

A

sunlight and organic compounds

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6
Q

identify the nutrition of microorganism

Chemoautotrophs need ____ and ____ for growth

A

**inorganic compounds and CO2 **

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7
Q

Chemoheterotrophs need ____ for growth

A

organic compounds

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8
Q

Acidophiles function best at what pH?

A

below 5.5

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9
Q

Neutrophiles work best at what pH?

A

pH between 5-8

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10
Q

Alkaliphiles work at a pH of ____.

A

pH of above 8.5

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11
Q

Give the two kinds of aerobes

A
  1. strict/obligate aerobe
  2. microaerophiles
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12
Q

This aerobe needs mandatory oxygen

A

Obligate aerobe

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13
Q

They are capable of growing with lower levels of O2

A

Microaerophiles

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14
Q

Enumerate the kinds of anaerobes

A
  1. obligate anaerobe
  2. facultative anaerobe
  3. aerotolerant anaerobe
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15
Q

give a characteristic

What is a facultative anaerobe?

A

Facultative anaerobe can grow with or without O2

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16
Q

give a characteristic

What is an obligate anaerobe?

A

Obligate anaerobes die in the presence of O2

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17
Q

This anaerobe can protect itself from reactive oxygen molecules

A

Aerotolerant anaerobe

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18
Q

What are aerotolerant anaerobes?

A

These anaerobes use fermentation to produce ATP. They can also withstand reactive oxygen molecules

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19
Q

He invented the first compound microscope

A

Zaccharias Janssen

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20
Q

He is the first person to observe organisms using the microscope

A

Robert Hooke

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21
Q

Compare Abiogenesis Theory and Biogenesis Theory

A

Abiogenesis theory states that life emerges from nonliving matter while for Biogenesis Theory, it provides that life can only come from other lifeforms

Biogenesis Theory - Life begets life

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22
Q

What is the Germ Theory of Disease?

A

The theory was discovered by Louis Pasteur and it explains that diseases originated from pathogens or from disease-causing microorganisms (e.g. Staphylococcus, streptococcus)

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23
Q

What was Robert Koch’s contribution?

A

He cultivated anthrax bacteria (Bacillus anthacis) and proved that bacteria plays a major role in diseases, demonstrating it by injecting pure cultures of the bacilli in mice and seeing that it caused anthrax.

Invented Koch’s Postulates

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24
Q

Utilized vaccines to prevent diseases like cholera, anthrax, and wine erysipelas

A

Louis Pasteur

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25
Q

______ developed a second type of ______ vaccine, which was live-attenuated (using the virus in weakened form)

A

Albert Sabin, polio

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26
Q

Salvarsan, the first antimicrobial agent and a remedy for syphilis, was synthesized by _______.

A

Paul Ehrlich

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27
Q

_______ discovered ________ or also known as “miracle drug”

A

Alexander Fleming, penicillin

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28
Q

Give requirements for growth of halophiles

A

They need 10-15% salt

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29
Q

Microorganisms that thrive at high salt concentrations higher than those necessary for their growth.

A

Halotolerant

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30
Q

Kinds of eukaryotes

A

Fungi, algae, protozoa

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31
Q

Kinds of prokaryotes

A

Bacteria, archaea

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32
Q

Three domains of microorganisms

A

Archaea, bacteria, eukarya

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33
Q

List the five major phyla of fungi

A
  1. Chyrtridiomata
  2. Zygomycota
  3. Ascomycota
  4. Basidiomycota
  5. Glomeromycota
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34
Q

Six major groups of algae

A
  1. Chlorophyta (green algae)
  2. Phaeophyta (brown algae)
  3. Rhodophyta (red algae)
  4. Pyrrophyta (dinoflagellates,fire algae)
  5. Euglenophyta (euglenoids)
  6. Chrysophyta (golden brown algae and diatoms)
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35
Q

5 major groups of protozoa

A
  1. Mastigophora
  2. Sarcodina
  3. Ciliophora
  4. Sporozoa
  5. Microspora
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36
Q

A set of rules and guidelines used for naming bacteria, archaea, and other prokaryotic microorganisms

A

International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (ICNP)

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37
Q

Give the taxonomy order for organisms

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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38
Q

What are the major characteristics used in taxonomy

A
  1. Morphological
  2. Biochemical
  3. Ecological
  4. Physiological
  5. Pathogenicity
  6. Genetic
  7. Antigenic
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39
Q

Algaes can cause diseases via toxins. List the kinds of toxins

A
  1. Saxitoxin (paralytic shellfish poisoning)
  2. Brevetoxin (neurotoxic shellfish poisoning)
  3. Ciguatoxin (ciguatera fish poisoning)
  4. Dinophysistoxin (diarrhetic shellfish poisoning)
  5. Domoic acid (amnesic shellfish poisoning)
40
Q

____ is the sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism

A

Metabolism

41
Q

identify what species

Is known as brewer’s yeast

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

42
Q

Causes infections in humans (candidiasis). It is a pathogenic yeast

A

Candida albicans

43
Q

identify what species of yeast

Used in ferementation and winemaking (beneficial microbe)

A

Saccharomyces bayanus

44
Q

identify what spp. of algae

Is a seaweed used to produce nori (sushi wrap)

A

Pyropia yezoensis

45
Q

identify what algae sp.

Used in preparation of food supplements

A

Chlorella vulgaris

46
Q

what algae sp.

Is a source of algin, a binding and emulsifying agent used in production of foods, cosmetics

think of antonym sa micro, and remember peri peri

A

Macrocystic pyrifera

47
Q

Is the most investigated microalgal species; spirulina

A

Arthrospira platensis

48
Q

identify sp. of protist

causes tricomoniasis

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

49
Q

causes giardiasis

A

Giardia duodenalis

50
Q

This protist causes malaria

A

Plasmodium falciparum

51
Q

aids in carbon cycle by feeding on decaying plants and animals

A

Paramecium

52
Q

is a facultative anaerobe, causes diarrheal illness in humans through consumption of contaminated foods of animal origin (e.g. eggs, poultry, fish, milk and dairy products, etc.)

A

Salmonella

53
Q

name two bacteria species

Are acid-tolerant and beneficial organisms used in fermentation and as probiotics

A

Lactobacillus d. bulgaricus & Streptococcus thermophilus

54
Q

Some strains of this bacteria are pathogenic; indicator of fecal contamination or unsanitary processing

A

E. coli

55
Q

The only Listeria sp. that is associated with human listeriosis, which is contracted through post-process recontaminatoin of final product

A

Listeria monocytogenes

56
Q

Are unicellular, extremophiles, and have unique cell wall and cell membrane

A

Archaea

57
Q

Tolerates extreme salinity

A

Halobacterium salinarum

58
Q

Plays a role in methane production

A

Methanosarcina barkeri

59
Q

Oxidizes sulfur to produce sulfuric acid, responsible for HSO4 concentration in aquatic environments

A

Sulfolobus acidocaldarius

60
Q

List the 5 steps of viral replication

A
  1. Attachment (phase attaches to surface of host cell)
  2. Penetration (viral DNA enters host cell)
  3. Biosynthesis (phage replicates to make phage proteins)
  4. Maturation (new phage particles are made)
  5. Lysis (cell lyses and newly made phages are released)
61
Q

A technique where inoculum is added to pre-solidified agar

A

Streak plate technique

62
Q

A technique where sample is pipetted first before adding the sterile agar/broth

A

Pour plate technique

63
Q

A technique used for detecting low levels of microorganisms in liquid samples; uses sterile membrane filter with a pore size that retains the microbes

A

Membrane filter technique

64
Q

This allows for the** characterization of individual microbial cells** with unique properties and functions

A

Single-cell isolation technique

65
Q

A culture preservation method that is achieved by first freezing the culture at very low temperature

A

Freeze-drying/lyophilization

66
Q

Method where specimens are frozen along with a cryoprotective agent (glycerol) in liquid-nitrogen refrigerators

A

Freezing with liquid nitrogen

67
Q

2 types of microscope

A
  1. Light microscope
  2. Electron Microscope
68
Q

List the kinds of light microscope and briefly describe them

A
  1. Bright field - uses bright background, objects are darker
  2. Dark field - uses darker background, objects are bright or luminous
  3. UV - uses shorter wavelengths of light
  4. Fluorescence - uses fluorochromes
  5. Phase contrast - used for detailed examination of the internal structure
69
Q

Microscope used to examine viruses and ultrastructure in thin sections of cells

A

Transmission electron microscope (TEM)

70
Q

Microscope used to observe surface features of cells and viruses

A

Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

71
Q

Give the 4 methods of controlling microbial growth that use moist heat as an agent

A
  1. Boiling
  2. Pasteurization
  3. Autoclaving
  4. Tyndallization
72
Q

Give the 2 methods of controlling microbial growth that use dry heat as an agent

A
  1. Direct flame (incineration)
  2. Hot air
73
Q

Using low temperature as agent, what are the 2 methods to control microbial growth

A
  1. Refrigeration by storage at 4 C
  2. Deep freezing at 0 to -95 C
74
Q

Give 2 methods to control microbial growth using desiccation as agent

A
  1. Drying by sun, air, oven
  2. Freeze-drying
75
Q

Filtration uses methods such as:
1.
2.

A
  1. Heat sensitive materials
  2. filtration of air using HEPA
76
Q

__ and __ rays are radiation with high energy that causes atoms to lose electrons which can result to DNA destruction. Are excellent ionizing and sterilizing agents that penetrate deep into the object

A

X-rays and gamma rays

77
Q

Method that uses non-ionizing radiation to control microbial growth. Does not penetrate objects leading to surface sterilization only

A

UV radiation (absorbed readily by the DNA to cause damage)

78
Q

Is a halogen that is used often as a topical tincture

A

Iodine

79
Q

identify the chemical agent to control microbial growth

Is iodine complexed with an organic compound to increase iondine’s stability

A

Iodophor

80
Q

identify chemical agent

  1. ____ is used on burns
  2. ____ acts as an algicide
  3. ____ disinfects skin mucous membrane

these are heavy metals

A
  1. silver sulfadiazine
  2. copper sulfate
  3. merthiolate
81
Q

identify the chemical agent

This gas is highly penetrating and can sterilize heat-sensitive items like catheters, syringes, etc.

A

Ethylene oxide

82
Q

what chemical agent

Is used as a standard for the effectiveness of other disinfectants

A

Phenol

83
Q

____ are phenolics used to control microbial growth

A

Cresols

84
Q

Is a broad-spectrum disinfectant and biocide which kills viruses, bacteria, fungi, endospores

A

Formalin (37% formaldehyde)

85
Q

identify the chemical agent

These are used as skin antiseptics

is an oxidizing agent

A

H2O2

86
Q

identify contributor

Developed a type of filtration known today as the Chamberland filter. Also credited for their research project leading to the invention of the autoclave

A

Charles Chamberland

87
Q

Are microorganisms that thrive at 70 to 110 C

A

Hyperthermophiles

88
Q

One difference between bacteria and eukarya, and archaea is that the former have an ____ linkage while archaea has an ____ linkage

A

ester, ether

89
Q

The products of light-dependent reactions are (which are also needed in the calvin cycle:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. ATP
  2. NADPH
  3. O2
90
Q

Involves the fixation of carbon dioxide into organic compounds like glucose which is catalyzed by enzyme RuBisCO

A

Calvin cycle

91
Q

List the 4 methods of genetic transfer

A
  1. Conjugation (cell-to-cell contact)
  2. Transduction (transfer of bacterial genes by viruses)
  3. Transformation (bacteria cells take up free DNA and use it for their own genome)
  4. Protoplast Fusion (fusion of genetic material of 2 or more bacterial cells)
92
Q

Two types of Transduction:
1.
2.

A

1. Generalized transduction
2. Specialized transduction (transfer of specific region of the host chromosome)

93
Q

Is the killing, inhibition or removal of microorganisms which may cause diseases

A

Disinfection

94
Q

Is the reduction of microorganisms to safe levels according to public standards

A

Sanitation

95
Q

Is the prevention of infection or sepsis in living tissues using chemicals

A

Antisepsis

FT (4 decks)

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