Gen Path - Cell damage + Acute/Chronic infl. Flashcards
(29 cards)
Name 3 cellular adaptations.
Increased cellular activity - hypertrophy (SIZE), hyperplasia (NO.), both
Decreased cellular activity - hypotrophy, hypoplasia, both
Metaplasia
Impt to discern if its pathological or physiological!!
Early vs Late changes following cell injury and significance?
Essentially: swelling + clumping = early thus reversible; everything else is late changes
3 ways of cell death?
- Autolysis (suicide - enzymatic digestion of cells released from lysosomes)
- Apoptosis (programmed cell death; can be pathological/ physiological)
- Necrosis (Unplanned; large area; alw pathological)
Name the types of necrosis + what cdns they can be found in.
(Chocolate Casing Got Liquefied How Sad Fat Fibrinoids)
- Coagulative - ischaemia
-Caseous - TB
-Liquefactive - stroke (‘brain’)/ abscess
-Haemorrhagic - in organs with dual blood supply (2 Ls - lung, liver)
-Suppurative - purulent (bacterial) infection
-Fat - acute pancreatitis
-Gangrenous - diabetes
-Fibrinoid – vasculitis
Note:
- coagulative necrosis can’t occur in brain
- caseous necrosis is cheesy & crumbly
- liquefactive necrosis is in BRAIN or aft lung abscess bursts
Why does cellular aging occur?
(mainly) lack of telomerase in somatic cells → telomeric shortening of ends of DNA after every cycle of DNA rep w/o replacement
Explain these 2 instances of metaplasia:
1. Intestinal metaplasia in esophagus (‘Barrett’s esophagus’)
2. Cervical metaplasia
Causes of Acute inflammation (and/ chronic infl.)?
FINI
Foreign bodies
Infections by microbes
Necrosis - hypoxic cells calling wbcs for help (like a desperation call kinda)
Immune rxns (hypersensitivity rxns, autoimmunity)
5 cardinal signs of acute infl.? (LOCAL signs)
(see nice pic)
Warmth
Redness
Swelling
Pain
Loss of fxn
aka. Pain RWS Loss
SYSTEMIC signs of acute infl.?
Pyrexia
Constitutional symptoms (malaise, anorexia, nausea)
Loss of weight
Loss of appetite
Primary cells seen in acute vs chronic infl.?
Acute:
Infection: neutrophils
Allergy: Eosinophils, mast cells
Chronic:
- macrophages (ig cuz they produce cytokines to activate more lymphocytes)
- lymphocytes
Describe the whole process of acute inflammation.
Hint:
1. FINI –> DAMPS + residential tissues
2. Vasodil
–> 3.1 Exudate (PPC)
–> 3.2 Neutrophilic mvmt (MMA-T)
3. Neutrophil MOA
4. Systemic how? + enhancement of acute infl. rxns?
To think: after neutrophil actions, how are other WBCs recruited?
Note: Chemokines are a special kind of cytokines that causes chemotaxis - migration of cells from one place to another.
Now allude each step of Acute infl. to when and how the 5 cardinal signs of acute infl. occur.
Hint:
Warmth: vasodilation
Redness: vasodilation
Swelling: exudation (and accumulation of the exudate in interstitial tissues)
Pain: stimulation of nerve endings by bradykinin and PGE2
Loss of function: (due to pain)
What 2 things cause Fever (a systemic sign of infl.)?
IL-1 + TNFalpha
4 Outcomes of acute inflammation?
(RFAC)
Resolution - healingnrepair
Fibrosis - healingnrepair
Abscess formation - ‘sequelae’ of acute infl. –> due to accumulation of neutrophils
Chronic inflammation (usually if injurious stimuli doesn’t clear)
Exudate vs Transudate - compare:
(i) cause
(ii) what they contain
Exudate:
i. vasodil (so increased blood flow) + increased vascular perm
ii. high protein, plasma, more cells (eg. neutrophils to go to inflamed tissue)
Transudate:
i. increased hydrostatic p.a. in BV/cap +- decreased oncotic p.a (think: Starling’s forces)
ii. low protein, plasma, less cells
Is inflammation = infection?
No. Infection is 1 cause of infl.
Name the 4 special patterns of acute inflammation. (FUSS)
FUSS:
F - Fibrinous
- fibrinous is NOT fibrous
- fibrinous = more fibrin threads from increased fibrinogen there
- fibrous = more collagen fibres (eg. scar tissue)
U - Ulcerative
- when there’s defect in epithelial surface
S - Serous
- cell-poor, protein-poor EXUDATE (usually early in infection when neutrophils haven’t come alot)
S - Suppurative
- when there’s pus
What does pus consist of?
Neutrophils (dead/ alive)
Necrotic cell debris (“large area of unplanned cell death” = necrosis!)
Bacteria
Localised pus = ?
Abscess
Pus contained in body cavity = ?
Empyema
Systemic inflammation = ?
Sepsis
Sepsis can be due to:
- septicaemia (systemic bloodstream inf by bact/ mirobials)
- bacteraemia (=^ by bact only)
- viraemia (=^ by viruses only)
Why does body even have infl.? (good)
To clear out injurious stimuli
