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gen path > gen path - cell pathology keywords > Flashcards

gen path - cell pathology keywords Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular Adaptations

A

how cells change and adjust in response to different conditions

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2
Q

Atrophy

A

when cells shrink / decrease in size, often from lack of nutrition

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3
Q

Hypertrophy

A

when cells grow / increase in size, usually from increased demand or stimulation

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4
Q

Physiologic

A

normal and natural processes in the body

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5
Q

Pathologic

A

abnormal or unhealthy conditions

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6
Q

Hyperplasia

A

when cells increase in number → can lead to tissue or organ growth

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7
Q

Metaplasia

A

when one cell type changes into another, often from stress

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8
Q

Dysplasia

A

abnormal development or growth of cells → can be a precursor to cancer

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9
Q

Cellular Degeneration

A

deterioration / breakdown of cells

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10
Q

Lethal injury (irreversible)

A

damage to cells that cannot be fixed, leading to cell death

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11
Q

Non-lethal injury (reversible)

A

damage that cells can recover from and the cells can return to normal function

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12
Q

Causes of cellular injury

A

different factors or conditions that can harm cells

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13
Q

Oxygen deprivation

A

when cells don’t get enough oxygen

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14
Q

Hypoxia

A

low oxygen levels in tissues

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15
Q

Ischemia

A

reduced blood flow to an organ, often leading to decreased oxygen supply

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16
Q

Chemical agents

A

substances that can harm cells (toxins, drugs, etc)

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17
Q

Infectious agents

A

microorganisms (bacteria / viruses) that can cause diseases

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18
Q

Immunological reactions

A

responses of the immune system that can damage cells

19
Q

Genetic defects

A

abnormalities in a person’s genetic material that can lead to cellular problems

20
Q

Nutritional imbalances

A

lack or excess of certain nutrients that can affect cell health

21
Q

Physical agents

A

external forces like trauma or radiation that can harm cells

22
Q

Aging

A

the process of passing time that can cause cells to change

23
Q

Stages of Necrosis

A

phases of cell death

24
Q

Nuclear changes

A

alterations of the cells nucleus during cell death

25
Q

Pyknosis

A

nucleus shrinks and becomes dense

26
Q

Karyorrhexis

A

nucleus breaks into smaller parts

27
Q

Karyolysis

A

nucleus dissolves

28
Q

Cytoplasmic changes

A

changes in the substance surrounding the nucleus during cell death

29
Q

Patterns of Necrosis

A

different ways cells die

30
Q

Coagulative necrosis

A

cell proteins solidify

31
Q

Liquefactive necrosis

A

cells dissolve into a liquid

32
Q

Caseous necrosis

A

dead cells form a soft, cheesy substance

33
Q

Fat necrosis

A

fats break down into fatty acids

34
Q

Fibrinoid necrosis

A

abnormal accumulation of fibrin (a protein) in tissues

35
Q

Gangrenous necrosis

A

death of a group of cells, often in a limb

36
Q

Dry gangrene

A

tissue becomes dry, shrunken and dark; often leads to loss of an extremity and can occur from frostbite

37
Q

Wet gangrene

A

tissue becomes moist, swollen, and discolored due to bacterial infection

38
Q

Apoptosis

A

the process of programmed cell death; is normal and natural when cells are old, damaged or no longer needed

39
Q

Necrosis

A

the premature death of cells or tissues in the body due to injury, infection, or a harmful condition

40
Q

Cachexia

A

a condition that goes beyond simple malnutrition and is associated with the breakdown of muscle and fat tissue; characterized by severe weight loss, muscle wasting, and overall weakness (often seen in AIDS/HIV and cancer patients)

41
Q

Involution

A

the natural process of shrinking/regressing in size in a tissue or organ after reaching its peak development

42
Q

Ubiquitin

A

is a small protein found in cells that regulate various cellular process; marks cells that need to be broken down

43
Q

Lipofuscin

A

is a yellow-brown pigment that accumulates in aging cells; is considered a marker or cell aging/wear and tear, doesn’t break down, found in neurons and cardiac muscle cells

44
Q
A

gen path (3 decks)

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