1. Biochemical 2. Functional 3. Structural

GEN. PATHOLOGY & EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY Flashcards by Armani Yulong

the study of disease/ diseases; study of all changes that underly a disease

PATHOLOGY

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3 Types of Pathology

Biochemical
Functional
Structural

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It is the START of Pathology:
It is the END of Pathology:

CELL; DISEASE

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Abnormalities in Cell Growth (4)

APLASIA
AGENESIA
ATRESIA
HYPOPLASIA

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Incomplete or defective development of tissue or organ

APLASIA

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Aplasia happens in PAIRED organs like

KIDNEYS/ GONADS

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T/F
In Aplasia, There is resemblance to normal mature adult structure

FALSE; NO RESEMBLANCE

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Complete non-appearance of organ

AGENESIA

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Failure of an organ to form an opening; ABSENT

ATRESIA

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An example of ATRESIA that is an absence of ear canal

MICROTIA

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An example of ATRESIA that is an absence of anus

IMPERFORATE ANUS

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Failure of an organ to reach its normal mature size

HYPOPLASIA

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Cell exposed to a number of injurious agents or stress

CELLULAR ADAPTATIONS

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3 Agents of Cellular Adaptations and its example/s

Mechanical Agents - TRAUMA
Physical Agents - UV
Biological Agents - PARASITES, VIRUSES, BACTERIA

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2 Types of Cellular Adaptations

Adaptation
Non-adaptation

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2 Types of Injury

Reversible
Irreversible

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These causes cell death

Non-adaptation and Irreversible Injury

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Cellular Adaptations (7)

Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Anaplasia
Dysplasia
Neoplasia

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Acquired decreased in tissue or organ size

ATROPHY

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2 Types of ATROPHY

Physiologic
Pathologic

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Type of ATROPHY when the decreasing is NORMAL

PHYSIOLOGIC

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Type of ATROPHY when the decrease is due to DISEASE

PATHOLOGIC

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Increase in tissue or organ size due to an increase in the size of individual cells that comprise that organ

HYPERTROPHY

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3 Types of HYPERTROPHY

Physiologic
Pathologic
Compensatory

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Type of HYPERTROPHY when increasing is NORMAL.

PHYSIOLOGIC

Type of HYPERTROPHY when increasing due to DISEASE

PATHOLOGIC

Type of HYPERTROPHY when 1 of the paired organs is removed

COMPENSATORY

Increase in tissue or organ size due to an increase in the number of cells that comprise that organ

HYPERPLASIA

3 Types of HYPERPLASIA

1. Physiologic 2. Pathologic 3. Compensatory

Type of HYPERPLASIA when increasing is NORMAL

PHYSIOLOGIC

Type of HYPERPLASIA when increasing due to DISEASE

PATHOLOGIC

Type of HYPERPLASIA when 1 of the paired organs is removed

COMPENSATORY

Transformation of adult cell into another adult cell type

METAPLASIA

Metaplasia is classified as ____

REVERSIBLE CHANGE

2 Types of Metaplasia

1. Epithelial 2. Mesenchymal

Epithelial type of Metaplasia involves ___

Epithelial tissue cells

Mesenchymal type of Metaplasia involves ___

Connective tissue cells

Transformation of adult cell into primitive cell type

ANAPLASIA

Anaplasia is classified as _____

IRREVERSIBLE CHANGE

Anaplasia is also known as

DE-DIFFERENTIATION

Characterized by changes in cell size, shape, and orientation

DYSPLASIA

Dysplasia is classified as ____

REVERSIBLE CHANGE

Dysplasia is also known as

ATYPICAL METAPLASIA or PRE-NEOPLASTIC LESION

Process of tumor formation, characterized by abnormal proliferation of cells

NEOPLASIA

Patterns of Cell Death (2)

1. APOPTOSIS 2. NECROSIS

- Patterns of Cell Death that is PROGRAMMED cell death - Death of a single cell in a cluster of cells

APOPTOSIS

Apoptosis causes cell to

SHRINK

T/F In Apoptosis, there is leaking out of cellular contents so there is inflammation

FALSE; NO LEAKING OUT and NO INFLAMMATION

- Patterns of Cell Death that is PATHOLOGIC cell death - The action of hydrolytic enzymes is blocked

NECROSIS

T/F In Necrosis, there is NO leaking out of cellular contents there is NO inflammation

FALSE; there IS leaking out and there IS inflammation

T/F In Necrosis, change can be seen microscopically and grossly

TRUE

Types of Necrosis (5)

1. Coagulative 2. Liquefactive 3. Caseous 4. Fat 5. Fibrinoid

Type of Necrosis that is due to the sudden cut-off of the blood supply

COAGULATIVE NECROSIS

Coagulative Necrosis happens in solid organs like

KIDNEYS, SPLEEN and LUNGS

The affected organ in Coagulative Necrosis appears like

Gray boiled material

Type of Necrosis that is characterized by complete digestion of cells due to the action of hydrolytic enzymes

LIQUEFACTIVE NECROSIS

The affected organ in Liquefactive Necrosis appears like

liquidly, creamy yellow due to pus

Type of Necrosis that is a combination of Coagulative and Liquefactive

CASEOUS NECROSIS

Caseous necrosis is seen in

TUBERCULOSIS

The affected organ in Caseous Necrosis appears like

“cheese”

Type of Necrosis that is seen in acute pancreatitis, necrotic material

FAT NECROSIS

The affected organ in Fat Necrosis appears like

chalky white precipitates

Type of necrosis seen in immune reactions involving blood vessels

FIBRINOID NECROSIS

Fibrinoid Necrosis changes are so small to see

grossly

It is the death of entire body

SOMATIC DEATH

Changes in Somatic Death

1. Primary 2. Secondary

Change in Somatic Death that can be noted immediately after death

Primary Changes

Change in Somatic Death that can be noted few hours after death

Secondary Changes

It is removing entire mass/ organ

EXCISIONAL

It is removing only a part of the mass/ organ

INCISIONAL

2 Types of Incisional

1. Y-shaped 2. Straight cut

Type of Incisional that is for adult cadaver

Y-SHAPED

Type of Incisional that is for children/infant

STRAIGHT CUT

It is for small tumor masses

FNAB

5 Cardinal Signs of Inflammation

1. Rubor 2. Dolor 3. Tumor 4. Calor 5. Funcio laesa

Cardinal Sign that is REDNESS caused by increased rate of blood flow

RUBOR

Cardinal Signs of Inflammation that is for PAIN

DOLOR

Cardinal Signs of Inflammation that is for SWELLING

TUMOR

Cardinal Signs of Inflammation that is for HEAT

CALOR

3 Types of Mortis

1. Algor Mortis 2. Rigor Mortis 3. Livor Mortis

- Type of Mortis that is the Cooling of the body - Establishes time of death

ALGOR MORTIS

T/F Algor Mortis happens at a rate of 7 degF/ hour

TRUE

- Type of Mortis that is STIFFENING - RIGIDITY of muscles

Rigor Mortis

- Type of Mortis that is LIVIDITY - Postmortem hemolysis

Livor Mortis

T/F Livor Mortis causes pinkish discoloration of skin

FALSE; PURPLISH

In Exfoliative Cytology, it is a routine fixative for cytology

95% Ethanol

In Exfoliative Cytology, it is a primary dye in PAP’s

Harris Hematoxylin

T/F Harris Hematoxylin is a cytoplasmic stain

FALSE; NUCLEAR STAIN

In Exfoliative Cytology, it is a counterstain in PAP’s used to stain cytoplasm of superficial cells

OG6 orange-green

In Exfoliative Cytology, it is a counterstain in PAP’s used to stain cytoplasm of intermediate and parabasal cell

EA50

In Exfoliative Cytology, it is a vaginal cell NOT normally shed

Basal Cells

In Exfoliative Cytology, it is a boat-shaped cells with a tendency to fold or curl on edges

Navicular Cells

Autopsy Technique that is done ONE BY ONE

R. Virchow

Autopsy Technique that is In situ dissection (in its “original place”)

C. Rokitansky

Autopsy Technique that is En-bloc removal of organs (same system)

A. Ghon

Autopsy Technique that is En-masse removal (all organs are removed)

M. Letulle

- It is the cause of death - Requirement: Consent from nearest kin

AUTOPSY

Type of AUTOPSY that is an examination of whole/ full body

COMPLETE

Type of AUTOPSY that is an examination of some parts of whole/ full body

PARTIAL

In the Record and Specimen Retention, How long do you keep Clinical Pathology report

10 years

In the Record and Specimen Retention, How long do you keep Pathology Slides

10 years

In the Record and Specimen Retention, How long do you keep Pathology Blocks

10 years

In the Record and Specimen Retention, How long do you keep Surgical Pathology & Bone Marrow reports

10 years

In the Record and Specimen Retention, How long do you keep Autopsy Reports

INDEFINITELY

- Type of Microtome used for paraffin-embedded tissues. - Invented by MINOT

ROTARY MICROTOME

- Type of Microtome used for celloidin-embedded tissues. - Developed by ADAM’S - The most dangerous type of microtome with an exposed knife

SLIDING MICROTOME

- Microtome type for Electron Microscopy - The thickness of sections 0.5m

ULTRATHIN MICROTOME

Types of microtomes for preparing frozen sections and they are used with

1. Cryostat – used nowadays. 2. Freezing microtome – fresh tissue

Purpose of Frozen sections

Rapid Diagnosis – O.R patients

Thickness of sections using Rotary Microtome

4-6 m

Refrigerated apparatus for preparing frozen sections

CRYOSTAT

- Temperature of cryostat - Immediate hardening of soft fresh tissue - Easier to cut

-5 to -30 degC

Freezing Agents (4)

1. Liquid nitrogen 2. Isopentane cooled by liquid nitrogen 3. CO2 gas 4. Aerosol sprays

Commonly used tissue adhesive and promotes attachment

Mayer’s egg Albumin

Mayer’s egg Albumin is prepared by:

Egg white + Thymol crystals (prevent molds) + glycerine

Types of Microtome Knives

1. Biconcave 2. Plane concave 3. Plane wedge

Type of Microtome Knives that USED NOWADAYS:

DISPOSABLE KNIVES

- Type of Microtome Knives that is for cutting paraffin-embedded - And both sides are CONCAVE

BICONCAVE

- Type of Microtome Knives that is for cutting paraffin-embedded and celloidin-embedded tissue - 2 sides: 1 flat and 1 concave - FLAT SIDE – celloidin-embedded tissue - CONCAVE SIDE – paraffin-embedded tissue

PLANE CONCAVE

- Type of Microtome Knives that is used for Froze sections, extremely hard and tough tissues - Both sides are flat

PLANE WEDGE

- Grinding the cutting edge to form even edges. - 1st step in SECTIONING

HONING

Types of Hones/ Oil stones

1. Belgium yellow 2. Arkansas 3. Fine carborundum

Type of Hones/ Oil stones that gives best result

BELGIUM YELLOW

Type of Hones/ Oil stones that has more polishing effect than Belgium yellow

ARKANSAS

Type of Hones/ Oil stones that is for badly nicked knives

FINE CARBORUNDUM

Lubricants used for Honing

1. Mineral oil 2. Clove oil 3. Xylene 4. Liquid paraffin 5. Soapy water

- Polishing and sharpening the cutting edge - To remove “BURRS” and irregularities formed during honing - 2nd Step in SECTIONING

STROPPING

Material used in STROPPING

HORSE LEATHER

T/F STROPPING must not be oiled prior to use

FALSE; MUST BE OILED

Angle formed between the cutting facet of the knife and the surface of the block

CLEARANCE ANGLE

Clearance Angle is also called

Tilt angle/ Inclination

CLEARANCE Angle is set at ____ degrees

5-10

Angle is formed by the sides of the knife

WEDGE ANGLE

WEDGE Angle is set at ____ degrees

14-15

Angle is formed between cutting edges

BEVEL ANGLE

BEVEL Angle is set at ____ degrees

27-32

- Thermostatically controlled bath - 5-10 degrees lower than the wax melting point - Purpose: to flatten the ribbons to remove wrinkles and fold

FLOAT-OUT BATH

FLOAT-OUT BATH temperature is at ____ degC

45-50

Removal of paraffin wax from tissues once properly fixed on the slide

DEPARAFFINIZATION

Steps in DEPARAFFINIZATION

1. Place slides in oven (55-60 degC) 2. Place slides in alcohol lamp 3. Place slides immerse in xylene

- Application of dyes - Staining of tissue cells - Acid to Basic; Basic to Acid

STAINING

Part of the cell with greater affinity for basic dyes to acid

NUCLEUS

NUCLEUS is an

Acid stain alkaline

Part of the cell with greater affinity for acid dyes to basic

CYTOPLASM

CYTOPLASM is an

Alkaline stain acid

Staining categories

1. Histological 2. Immunohistochemical 3. Histochemical

Tissue components are demonstrated thru direct interaction with a dye or a staining solution

HISTOLOGIC STAINING

Histologic Staining examples

H&E, Gram and AFS

To demonstrate the general relationship of tissues and cells with differentiation of nucleus and cytoplasm

HISTOLOGICAL STAINING

Histological stains are also called

Microanatomical

Histological stains examples

1. Gram 2. Acid-Fast 3. H&E 4. Methylene blue

Staining category in which tissue components are demonstrated through chemical reactions

Histochemical Staining

Histochemical Staining examples and what it is for

1. Periodic Acid Schiff – carbohydrates 2. Pearls Prussian Blue – hemosiderin

- ANTIBODY to demonstrate antigens - Staining technique which is a COMBINATION of immunologic and histochemical technique - For the detection of PHENOTYPIC MARKERS and TISSUE ANTIGENS

Immunohistochemical Staining

Staining that serves as tumor markers

Immunohistochemical Staining

- Staining Method that uses aqueous or alcoholic solutions of dye and also uses 1 DYE - Tissue + Dye = COLOR

DIRECT STAINING

- A staining technique that employs the use of mordant and accentuator - Tissue + Dye + MORDANT/ ACCENTUATOR

INDIRECT STAINING

Serves as link/bridge between dye and tissue

MORDANT

Examples of MORDANT

IRON and POTASSIUM ALUMINIUM

- Increases staining power of dye. - Heightens color of the dye.

ACCENTUATOR

Examples of ACCENTUATOR

PHENOL and KOH

Hematoxylin with K-alum as mordant (3)

1. Mayer's hematoxylin 2. Ehrlich’s hematoxylin 3. Harris hematoxylin

Iron Hematoxylin (2)

1. Weigert’s hematoxylin 2. Heidenhain's hematoxylin

Involves gradual application of dye.

PROGRESSIVE STAINING

In Progressive Staining, - Tissue is ____. - ____ excess dye - ___ decolorization needed

- not overstained - NO - NO

In Regressive Staining, - Tissue is ____. - ____ excess dye - ___ decolorization needed

- OVERSTAINED - THERE IS - THERE IS

Selective removal of excess dye

DECOLORIZATION/ DIFFERENTIATION

In Decolorization/ Differentiation ___ is commonly used

ACID ALCOHOL

Staining technique involves the use of dye/stain that gives a different color, different from the color of the dye itself.

METHACHROMATIC

Mainly used for demonstration of cartilage, CT, epithelial mucins, mast cell granules, amyloid

METACHROMATIC

Examples of Metachromatic Stains

Methyl violet/ crystal violet/ safranin Bismarck brown/ Basic fuchsin Methylene blue/ Thionine/ Toluidine blue Azure A, B, C Cresyl blue

Staining technique in which tissue components are stained with the same shade or hue as that of the dye Which is not exactly the same color

ORTHOCHROMASIA

Staining method that involves use of another dye to provide contrast and background

COUNTER STAINING

Counter staining that is commonly used

EOSIN

Tissue components are demonstrated not by stains but by colorless solutions of metallic salts that produces black deposits on the surface of tissues

METALLIC IMPREGNATION

Examples of agents used in Metallic Impregnation

1. Gold chloride 2. Silver nitrate 3. Ammoniacal Silver

- Staining of LIVING CELL components - Involving CYTOPLASMIC phagocytosis

VITAL STAIN

Vital Stain Methods

1. Intravital 2. Supravital

Method of Vital Stain when dye is injected to any part of the body

INTRAVITAL

Example of INTRAVITAL

- India ink - Lithium - Carmine

Method of Vital Stain that involves the immediate application of stain to living cells following removal from a living body

SUPRAVITAL

Example of SUPRAVITAL

- Neutral red - Janus green - Trypan blue - Nile blue - Thionin - Toluidine blue

The best vital dye

NEUTRAL RED

Supravital stain recommended for mitochondria

JANUS GREEN

H & E Staining - Staining category: - Staining method: - Is for

Histological Regressive Cytoplasm and Nucleus

Primary dye 1. BASIC dye 2. NUCLEAR stain 3. BLUE color nucleus

HEMATOXYLIN

Counterstain 1. ACID dye 2. CYTOPLASMIC stain 3. PINK color cytoplasm

EOSIN

The procedure of H & E Staining: 2 changes of Xylene: Descending grades of alcohol: Hematoxylin: Acid alcohol: Ammonia water: Eosin: Ascending concentrations of alcohol: 2 changes of Xylene:

Further deparaffinization For hydration Primary/ Nuclear stain Decolorizer Bluing agent Cytoplasmic stain/ counterstain Dehydration Clearing prior to mounting

Form of hematoxylin used in EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY and for staining of SEX CHROMOSOMES (PAP’S)

Harris Hematoxylin

Form of hematoxylin used for IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY

Mayers Hematoxylin

Form of hematoxylin used to demonstrate SPERMATOGENESIS

Copper Hematoxylin

Component of dye responsible for COLORING property

CHROMOPHORE

- Component of dye responsible for DYEING property - Retaining imparted color

AUXOCHROME

- Dyes without auxochrome component - Also called Oil Soluble dyes - Used as Fat Stains

LYSOCHROME DYES

Lysochrome Dyes examples

Sudan dye - Sudan black - Sudan IV - Sudan III

- Coversliping - Prevent bleaching of section - Protect tissues from damage

MOUNTING

Commonly used mountant Routinely used mountant

CANADA BALSAM

Recommend mountant for mounting frozen sections directly from water

BRUN'S FLUID

Mountant used for methylene blue stained nerve preparations

APATHY'S

Refractive indices of Glycerine jelly/ Kaiser

1.47

Refractive indices of Farrant’s/ Gum Arabic

1.43

Refractive indices of Apathy's

1.52

Refractive indices of DPX

1.532

Refractive indices of XAM

1.52

Refractive indices of Clarite

1.544

Process of sealing margins of coverslip to immobilize coverslip to prevent the escape of mountant and to prevent sticking of slides upon storage

RINGING

Ringing uses

Durofix or Kronig cement

Necrosis causes cell to

SWELL

A 5 cardinal sign of inflammation that is the loss of functioning units of cell

Functio laesa

GEN. PATHOLOGY & EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY Flashcards

(209 cards)