GenChem Flashcards
(18 cards)
What are observational studies?
Studies with or without interventions where the environment and factors are not controlled.
What are intermediate outcomes (IOs)?
Changes in pathologic, physiologic, or behavioral measures that may or may not precede or lead to health outcomes.
What do intermediate outcomes typically reflect?
Asymptomatic changes that people do not feel or sense.
What is the role of health outcomes (HOs)?
Measures changes in symptoms or conditions that people feel and impact quality of life.
How are health outcomes defined?
By measures of physical or psychological well-being.
What is the relationship between outcomes and research in pharmacoeconomics?
Research and economics led to the development of ISPOR.
What are examples of intermediate outcomes?
- Change in blood cholesterol
- Change in alcohol consumption
- Incidence of asymptomatic vertebral fracture
- Incidence of asymptomatic diabetes
What are clinical outcomes?
Actual outcomes in clinical practice reflecting physiological health status.
What do psychosocial health outcomes measure?
Health-related quality of life and psychological well-being.
What are clinical (system-centered) outcomes?
Factors that reflect the clinical results and performance of therapeutic interventions.
Fill in the blank: Health outcomes may involve _______ analyses.
[economic]
What are some examples of clinical health outcomes?
- Change in pain or dyspnea
- Change in functional status
- Change in quality of life
- Death
What is the significance of the controlled environment of clinical trials?
It allows for measurement of outcomes when real-world factors are introduced.
What can be considered as physiological measures in health outcomes?
- Blood glucose control
- Blood pressure control
- Hospitalization rate
True or False: Health outcomes only consider physiological measures.
False
What are surrogate outcomes?
Measures that are used as substitutes for direct measures of clinical outcomes.
What is an example of a physiological health outcome?
Cured infection
What does the term ‘final health outcome’ refer to?
The ultimate results of healthcare interventions on patient health.
