Gender Flashcards

Question

What is In-Group Bias?

Answer 1

Preferential treatment to those who belong in the same group as you do. E.g. the same sex

Answer 2

Tendency to dislike other people outside of your own identity group. E.g. Opposite Sex

Answer 3

Children learn that everyone has the same biases and fear rejection/hostility from their peers if they form relationships with out-group members.

Answer 4

Accepting other's beliefs because they resonate with yours

Answer 5

Complying to gain access to a group, then accepting it over time

Answer 6

They explain in-group/out-group preferences, Gender Schema Theory, rejection of gender-inappropriate behaviour and persistent sex-role stereotypes

Answer 7

1. Boy desires mothers attention and sees father as a threat 2. Wishes father was dead but fears the revenge if he discovers this and develops Castration Anxiety; this is repressed 3. Imitates fathers behaviour to impress mother. Identification with male behaviours 4. Conflict is resolved and boy no longer feels competition; Superego develops

Answer 8

Freud (1905)

Answer 9

1. Initially attracted to the mother but confused when they realise she has no penis 2. Girl resents mother (Penis Envy) assuming she doesn't have one because they mother castrated her 3. Begins to feel sexual attraction to the father instead 4. Fails to identify with father. Penis Envy replaced with desire for a baby and then identifies with mother's role

Answer 10

Jung (1913): Addressed the criticisms of Freud's theories being gender biased

Answer 11

Suggests all healthy men have overcome their repressed anxiety. Those without a father will never attain this. Could result in promiscuity or internalising female behaviours, leading to homosexuality

Answer 12

Implies girls identify with their mother as a compromise or a last resort; nobody chooses femininity. Suggested feminine behaviours were inferior and showed weakness; settle for the woman's role and this is why women are often 'more anxious/immoral'

Answer 13

(1981) - Learning of gender-relevant information happens before gender constancy - Gender labelling is enough to self identify as boy/girl and children will show preferences for gender appropriate behaviour here - Gender schema you form will have effects on psychological functioning later

Answer 14

- Information from TV/School/Parents - Information coloured by cultural norms - Full of stereotypical information

Answer 15

Form of favouritism towards your own group/ the group you belong to

Answer 16

Tendency to have negative views of people that don't belong to your group.

Answer 17

Children will fear rejection or hostility from peers if they form relationships with out-group peers

Answer 18

Accepting others' beliefs because they resonate with yours

Answer 19

Complying to gain access to a group, then accepting the view over time.

Answer 20

In-group/Out-group preferences, rejection of gender-inappropriate behaviour, persistence of sex-role stereotypes

Answer 21

Freud (1905)

Answer 22

1. Boy becomes aware of sexuality and desires mothers' full attention. Father is a threat/competition 2. Wishes father was dead. Develops Castration Anxiety. 3. Imitates fathers behaviour to impress mother. Starts to identify with male behaviours. 4. Conflict is resolved. Superego develops.

Answer 23

Jung (1913): addressed criticisms of Freud's theory

Answer 24

1. Girl initially attracted to mother but are confused when they discover she has no penis 2. Girl resents mother (Penis Envy), assuming she doesn't have one mother felt inadequate and castrated her 3. Girl feels sexual attraction to father instead 4. Girl fails to identify with father. Penis envy is replaced by a desire for a baby, so identifies with the mother's role

Answer 25

Phallic Stage fixation: - Suggests all healthy men have overcome their repressed anxiety. Those without a father will never attain this - May become promisicuous because of internalised belief that women are unattainable - May also internalise female behaviour and become homosexual

Answer 26

Phallic Stage fixation: - Implies girls identify with their mother as a compromise or last resort; no one chooses femininity - Suggests feminine behaviour is inferior and shows weakness; settle for the women's role.

Answer 27

Consensus norms, traditions and morals that are valued by society

Answer 28

Often seen to be more conformist and less independent than men. Research has shown this to be false.

Answer 29

Study of Sex & Temperament in three Primitive societies. An overt ppt observation study in Papa New Guinea, a place with many small tribes all speaking the same languages.

Answer 30

Men: gentle, cooperative, kind Women: gentle, cooperative, kind

Answer 31

Men: Aggressive, machiavellian, narcissistic Women: Aggressive, machiavellian, narcissistic

Answer 32

Men: Emotionally fragile, sensitive, anxious Women: Assertive, hostile, domineering

Answer 33

Methods of transmitting or storing knowledge

Answer 34

Confident, independent, assertive, interesting, complex, strong

Answer 35

Dependent, hysterical, anxious, unambitious, emotional, two-dimensional

Answer 36

- Women are seen to succeed when they're feminine - Men are seen to succeed when they're masculine - Sex-relevant characteristics are usually exaggerated in protagonists and under-represented in antagonists. This affects self-efficacy

Answer 37

- Compared children watching stereotypical and non-stereotypical adverts - Significant difference in their answers on a questionnaire about gender-appropriate behaviours - Started a large gender-equality movement in the media

Answer 38

Behaviour theorists. Bandura added social factors.

Answer 39

He combined vicarious reinforcement and observation, where identification was very important.

Answer 40

Mediational processes were renamed 'Cognitive Processes'. Children undergo a cognitive assessment of new behaviours, comparing the expectations of reward vs punishment.

Answer 41

- If a child performs a non-stereotypical behaviour and is 'punished' when other children mock them, the behaviour will become more frequent - When a peer rewards gender-appropriate, it becomes more frequent - When mocking leads to behaviour change that results in acceptance/praise, the new behaviour becomes more frequent

Answer 42

Behaviour is determined by a feedback loop. | Behaviour > reflection > consequence > adjustment > behavior.......

Answer 43

Chronic distress due to perception of sex and gender mismatch. Excludes intersex conditions, which are biologically verifiable.

Answer 44

- Culture bias is identified e.g Samoan culture has three genders - Social construction of gender in Western countries changes over time - The DSM V (2013)replaces GID with Gender Dysphoria

Answer 45

A possible transgender gene has been identified. Study of 112 M > F trans people. - Androgen receptor gene was significantly longer in transexuals - This reduces ability of testosterone to cause changes in development - Brain of transexuals may be much less masculine than average

Answer 46

The BSTc is twice the size in straight men than women - Integrates information across the limbic system and this information is used to monitor stress-readiness levels - BSTc size correlates with preferred sex, not biological sex - M > F trans people's BSTc is similar to the female average and F > M is usually within the typical male range

Answer 47

- Very few stable behavioural differences between men and women - Stress can change the gender of the brain in less than 15 minutes - Many environmental factors have been shown to change the default sex of developing brain regions - This can happen at all times but there are some brain areas that are vulnerable and some that are not.

Answer 48

P - It has many real world application E - A british couple in 2012 raised their son in a gender neutral manne. He was aware that he was a boy, but in every other way did not identify with the gender. E - There was a lot of protest by people who felt that this amounted to child abuse, which reveals how strongly people feel about sex-role stereotypes and that these are essential to healthy development. L - Despite protests, it does provide ecological validity for the role of sex-role stereotypes in defining our gender identity.

Answer 49

P - Strong reliability E - Research has demonstrated high test-retest reliability for the BSRI E - A short form of the scale has been developed using 30 items and has a correlation of 90 with the original L - Having this shorter form has improved the internal reliability of the test because the less socially desirable items were removed, like 'gullible' and 'child-like'.

Answer 50

P - There is support for androgyny and psychological health relationship E - Prakash et al (2010) tested 100 females in India on masculinity/femininity and there were a range of outcomes that related to health: physical health, depression, anxiety E - Masculinity/femininity was measured using a personal attribute scale. Females with a high masculinity score had lower depression scores, and those with high femininity had high levels of depression. L - Supports the view that androgyny has a psycho protective effect, because those with masculinity and femininity were better off in terms of health. This provides the theory with ecological validity.

Answer 51

P - Has many real world application E - Intersex people who will develop problems, can be identified at birth and given proper treatment during puberty. This can negate effects almost entirely. E - Olympics ruled in 1991 that genetic sex didn't matter for participation, after testing since 1968. Individuals who are obviously physically male are still excluded from female events. L - This means more biological research into gender development is ecologically valid

Answer 52

P - Biologically determinist theory E - Money (1972) claimed that biological sex was not the main factor in gender development and argued that sex of rearing was was much more important and recommend that intersex individuals could be successfully raised as either a boy or a girl. E - Supported by research that included 16 males with almost no penises. Two were raised as male and the remaining raised as female. The two males remained male but 8 of the females assigned themselves as male by the age of 16. L - Research suggests that biological factors are key in gender development but the theory is highly deterministic as it seems to suggest that it is the deciding factor when environment can actually play a large role as well, raising a nature vs nurture debate.

Answer 53

P - Role of cultural and social influences in gender E - Batista family in the Dominican Republic contained four females with external female genitalia and were raised as female. Large amounts of testosterone produced during puberty caused male genitalia production. These children were XY, but there was an inherited gene of testosterone sensitivity. E - Suggested that the ease of transition from female to male highlights the importance of culture. In a community prepared to accept more fluidity in gender roles, it seemed relatively easy to move between roles, which is not as easy in Western cultures. L - Show the theory to be considerably reductionist.

Answer 54

P - Lack of construct validity E - Research shows boys develop gender constancy before girls, and girls perform masculine tasks. This indicates a single stage for both genders is invalid. E - Huston (1985) suggests this is due to SLT; male role models are more socially powerful so boys are under greater pressure to identify and therefore do so quicker. L - Highlights the nature-nurture debate in psychology; Kohlberg and Piaget's assumption of fixed, generalised stages is based on biological determinism and ignores social learning factors.

Answer 55

P - Ignores age differences E - Slaby and Frey (1975) found that gender constancy appeared at a younger age than Kohlberg suggested. Supports the idea that thinking does change over time but suggests that adjustments are necessary. E - In the time since Kohlberg formulated his theory, children are now exposed to different kinds of gender information through media and may develop their understanding of constancy at a much earlier age. L - Shows that the theory is reductionist and determinist and has little temporal validity as it doesn't suit modern day gender development that is now highly influenced by the media, making the stages more inconsistent.

Answer 56

P - Criticisms of Kohlberg's method E - Bem (1989) has criticised the way children's gender constancy is measured and argued that when children are asked to resolve the conflict between genitals and clothing, the child will go for a cue which is most relevant in our society. E - Therefore we distinguish gender through hairstyle and clothing and children resolve this contradiction by identifying clothing, are simply showing that they have learned about our world. L - Therefore, Kohlberg's theory lacks internal validity and could be considered determinist as children might just be learning about societal expectations rather than gender itself.

Gender Flashcards

(80 cards)